| Directory > Computers > Programming > Languages > Comparison and Review 99 Bottles of Beer on the Wall
Shows source code implementation for the same simple program across over 250 different programming
languages.
http://www.99-bottles-of-beer.net/
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My Programming Language Crisis
Some points on language design by Keith Waclena.
http://www.lib.uchicago.edu/keith/crisis/crisis.html
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Why I don't use C#
A non-compartive critique of the C# language by the creator of the Heron language.
http://www.heron-language.com/c-sharp-critique.html
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Nine Language Performance Round-up: Benchmarking Math & File I/O
Small-scale benchmark test run on 9 languages or variants: Java 1.3.1 and 1.4.2, C via gcc 3.3.1,
Python 2.3.2 and via Psyco 1.1.1, 4 from Microsoft Visual Studio .NET 2003: Visual Basic/C#/C++/J#.
http://www.osnews.com/story.php?news_id=5602
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TMXxine Languages
Breif comparison Curl with High Level assembler, BCX, Dark Basic, Mono (C#/.Net implementation),
Python, Squeak, XBasic/XBlite. Curl applet examples.
http://www.cyber-shaktipat.org/relax/languages.html
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Programming Languages mini-HOWTO
Brief comparison of major Linux programming languages C, C++, Fortran, Java, Lisp, Perl, PHP,
Python, Tcl; by Risto S. Varanka.
http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/Programming-Languages.html
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Comparison of Oberon-2 with Modula-2
Short text summary of main features of Oberon-2; target audience: Modula-2 programmers unfamiliar
with Oberon-2, but familiar with object-oriented and extensible programming concepts.
http://www.zel.org/oberon/compo2m2.htm
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Programming Language Categories
Brief text compares 6 basic language types: general scripting, programmer scripting, application
development, low-level, pure functional, complete core.
http://www.cs.oberlin.edu/~jwalker/languageCategories.html
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Intelligent Systems
Table compares traits of DreamMaker, C/C++, Java/C#, Visual Basic, Assembly.
http://isdreamaker.com/dm_compare.htm
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Examples of Programs in Different Programming Languages
Compares 129 (or 157?) languages, via 418 code samples, and growing.
http://www.ntecs.de/old-hp/uu9r/lang/html/lang.en.html
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Java and Smalltalk Syntax Compared
Table and notes compare some elements of syntax of Java 1.1 to Smalltalk-80.
http://www.chimu.com/publications/JavaSmalltalkSyntax.html
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Io Comparisons
Compares a few variables (size, speed, syntax) in many languages: Brain, C, Cel, F-Script, Forth
(gForth, pForth), Icon, Java (Kaffe), Lisp (CLisp, Guile, LispMe, Scheme48), Lua, Perl, Pike,
Python, Ruby, Self, Smalltalk (GNU, Squeak, SuperCollider), Tcl.
http://www.iolanguage.com/comparisons/
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Water Comparisons
Two medium length documents compare object-oriented languages: Water with ConciseXML syntax, to JSP
(JavaServer Pages) and Java; 1 brief list compares Water to PHP.
http://www.waterlang.org/Comparisons.html
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Java and C++ Resource Management Comparison
Detailed discussion of the techniques used in Java and C++ to implement leak free and exception
safe resource management. Covers memory management, finalizers, destructors and finally blocks with
examples.
http://www.fatalmind.com/paper/java_vs_cplusplus/resource.pdf
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TUNES Project: Programming Languages
Over 200 languages described, mostly original commentary, many deep insights, over 1,000 links.
[Open Content]
http://cliki.tunes.org/Programming%20Languages
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How Does Ruby Compare With Python?
By John Dell'Aquila. Text description, no code samples, Ruby Garden FAQ entry from comp.lang.python
post.
http://www.rubygarden.org/iowa/faqtotum/abQVRnqSeWIdM/b/1.11.7.2.5
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Dylan Competitive Analysis
Compares Dylan, Smalltalk, Objective-C, C/C++. Long document.
http://www.nt.ntnu.no/users/haugwarb/Programming_languages/dylan_vs_cpp_and_smalltalk.html
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Ted Shieh's Programming Language Comparison
A comparison of the features of and demand for some of the major programming languages.
http://www.liquidmarkets.com/?name=lc&id=3
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Is .NET's 'C' Sharper Than C++ or Java?
By Joe "Zonker" Brockmeier. Text compares a few aspects of C#, Java, C++. [NewsFactor]
http://www.newsfactor.com/perl/story/20584.html
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Developer's Dilemma: Perl or PHP?
By Joe "Zonker" Brockmeier. How to choose between two languages that are both very
popular for Web development? Text, forum comments. [NewsFactor]
http://www.newsfactor.com/perl/story/19912.html
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Quantifying the Debate: Ada vs. C++
Tables and text compare Ada83, Ada95, C, C++; mainly costs, reliability. By Donald J. Reifer.
[CrossTalk]
http://www.stsc.hill.af.mil/crosstalk/1996/07/quantify.asp
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TIOBE Programming Community Index
Monthly updated index that gives an indication of the popularity of programming languages.
http://www.tiobe.com/tpci.htm
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Programming Language Critiques: Pascal, C, C++, and C-Linda
By Jim Basney. May 1995.
http://www.lernnetz-sh.de/kmlinux/doc/Pascal-Kurs/critique.html
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Informal Language Comparison Chart(s)
Links, and table comparing Ruby, Objective-C, Smalltalk-80 (old), SmallScript (Smalltalk-98
dialect), JavaScript 2.0 (ECMA Script), C#, C++, Java, Python, CLOS.
http://www.smallscript.org/Language%20Comparison%20Chart.asp
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The BNF Web Club Language
Browse, explore some programming language's syntactic rules. See relations between rules,
understand them using BNF (Backus-Naur Form notation) and syntactic diagrams: SQL, PL/SQL, SQL2,
IDL; Ada95, Java, Modula-2; Lazy, LISP, M5.
http://cui.unige.ch/db-research/Enseignement/analyseinfo/index.html
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Is Ada a Better C?
Compares Ada, C, C++, language facilities under DOS. Copy of article in EXE magazine, May 1997,
originally titled "Ada better than C++?" Text and code samples.
http://www.beesknees.freeserve.co.uk/articles/ada-vs-cpp.html
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Gnat and Linux: C++ and Java Under Fire
Compares Ada, Java, C, C++, Delphi. Text, tables. Gnat and Linux orientation. [Linux Gazette]
http://www.linuxgazette.com/issue33/burtch.html
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Java Benchmark
By Rene Grothmann. Compares sieve algorithm in Java and C/C++. Text, tables, live comparison
applet.
http://mathsrv.ku-eichstaett.de/MGF/homes/grothmann/java/bench/Bench.html
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An Empirical Comparison of C, C++, Java, Perl, Python, Rexx, and Tcl
By Lutz Prechelt. Neutral, quantitative analysis of 7 languages in title, for 7 variables, via 80
implementations of the same requirement set. PDF format. [IEEE Computer]
http://www.ipd.uka.de/~prechelt/Biblio/jccpprt_computer2000.pdf
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Ada versus Modula-3
Compares similarities and differences, by user of both languages.
http://archive.dstc.edu.au/AU/staff/crawley/ada/m3-vs-ada.html
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Advanced Programming Language Design
Book compares over 70 languages, and main classes: imperative, functional, object-oriented,
dataflow, concurrent, declarative, aggregate. By Raphael Finkel, Addison-Wesley.
http://www.awprofessional.com/catalog/product.asp?product_id={92E30B39-5D91-45F9-9919-D202BE6341F9}
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1% the Code
Compares colorForth and C: Chuck Moore, father of Forth, expects colorForth applications to need
only 1% the code of C programs. No code samples.
http://www.colorforth.com/1percent.html
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Just Say No to Microsoft: Programming Languages
Describes dozens of mostly living languages, grouped by family similarities. Most are alternatives
to Microsoft.
http://microsoft.toddverbeek.com/lang.html
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D vs Other Languages
Yes-No table with definitions compares D, C, C++, C#, Java, on: GC, functions, arrays, OOP,
performance, reliability, compatibility, conditional compiling. [Digital Mars]
http://www.digitalmars.com/d/comparison.html
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What I Hate About Your Programming Language
Text treats general aspects of language choices, then compares hatred of Perl, Python, Ruby, PHP,
Java, C, C++, JavaScript, XSLT, SQL. With many forum comments. [ONLamp.com]
http://www.onlamp.com/pub/a/onlamp/2003/05/12/languagephilosophy.html
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Syntax Across Languages
Operator names and syntax elements in various programming languages.
http://merd.net/pixel/language-study/syntax-across-languages.html
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C# From a Java Developer's Perspective
Comprehensive article by Dare Obasanjo, details most similarities and differences between the two
languages: features Java has that C# doesn't, and features C# has that Java doesn't. Text, tables,
code, resources.
http://www.25hoursaday.com/CsharpVsJava.html
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Programming Information from HB
Text descriptions compare C/C++, Java, Pascal, Basic, VeraStream; Oracle; HTML, XML; JavaScript,
PHP.
http://www.cybercomm.nl/~broers/programming.html
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Programming Language Comparison
Table compares popular object-oriented languages: Eiffel, Smalltalk, Ruby, Java, C++, Python, Perl,
Visual Basic.
http://www.jvoegele.com/software/langcomp.html
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Recursive Benchmark in 14 Languages
Paper comparing the feasibility and efficiency of implementations of recursive algorithms in 14
different languages.
http://www.webcom.com/nazgul/change.html
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What's Wrong with Perl
Author explains what he considers wrong about Perl, presents Python as an alternative.
Descriptions, code samples, links.
http://www.garshol.priv.no/download/text/perl.html
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Timing Trials, or, the Trials of Timing: Experiments with Scripting and User-Interface Languages
By Brian Kernighan, Christopher Van Wyk. Compares how fast C, Awk, Perl, Tcl, Java, Visual Basic,
Limbo, Scheme, run a range of representative tasks. Text, tables, graphs, code samples.
http://cm.bell-labs.com/cm/cs/who/bwk/interps/pap.html
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Object-Oriented Languages in the Industry: A Comparison
Table-based comparison of 4 major OO languages: Eiffel, C++, Java, Smalltalk. Criteria chosen to
suggest where Eiffel is better.
http://archive.eiffel.com/doc/manuals/technology/oo_comparison/page.html
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Survey of Programming Languages Associated with the Web
General feature comparisons, explanations.
http://www.frostburg.edu/dept/cosc/htracy/cosc120/MODULES120/NetPL/PL_Net.htm
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Programmers: Otters with Rocks?
Discusses historical move from low level languages to higher level interpreted ones, productivity,
future developments. Active feedback response. [ZDNet News]
http://zdnet.com.com/2100-11-529641.html
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VB or not VB
Visual Basic critiques in comparison with Delphi.
http://www.geocities.com/antivisualbasic/
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ACM "Hello, World" Project
List of the famous "Hello, World!" programming teaching program, in hundreds of different
languages.
http://www2.latech.edu/~acm/HelloWorld.shtml
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Are scripting languages the wave of the future?
Programming guru, Robert Martin, on languages of the coming decade.
http://www.itworld.com/AppDev/1262/itw-0314-rcmappdevint/
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The Great Computer Language Shootout
A collection of banchmarks performed on 24 different languages. Includes a tool to grade languages
depending on how well they did on tests that matter for you.
http://www.bagley.org/~doug/shootout/
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Ada, C, C++, and Java vs. The Steelman
Compares 4 programming languages (Ada95, C, C++, Java) with the requirements of
"Steelman", original 1978 requirements document for Ada language. Big detailed table.
http://www.adahome.com/History/Steelman/steeltab.htm
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Fortran90 vs. Ada95
Compares Ada95 to Fortran90 via code samples, text. Well reasoned and written, many examples. Finds
Ada equal or better than Fortran in all aspects but one marginal trait.
http://fedelma.astro.univie.ac.at/web/fortran90_ada95.html
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Ada95, Java, and C++
Some people think Java is like C++, but usual C++ idioms do not carry over to Java because Java is
not a C++ superset or subset; Java is a derivation with many modifications, extensions. The
language's syntax is alike, but semantics and philosophy is very different. Java is closer to Ada95
than to C++, syntax notwithstanding.
http://www.adahome.com/Resources/Languages/chart3.html
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Inferno/Limbo vs. JavaOS/Java
A small overview of the differences between Inferno/Limbo and JavaOS/Java.
http://www.cs.hut.fi/~kny/inferno/compare.html
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Is Turing a Better Language for Teaching Programming than Pascal?
Compares Turing to Pascal, long text document, no tables or graphs; by Jacqueline L. Martin, 1996,
many references.
http://www.holtsoft.com/turing/essay.html
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Tcl Advocacy
Table, text, links compare Tcl, Perl, Python, JavaScript, Visual Basic.
http://www.tcl.tk/advocacy/
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An Analysis of Two Next-Generation Languages: Java and Python
Paper by Roger E. Masse outlines how Java and Python qualify as next-generation Internet
programming languages. Has good introductory material on Python.
http://knowbot.cnri.reston.va.us/papers/java-python96/
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C++??: A Critique of C++ (3rd ed.)
A critical view on the C++ and C programming language. [Postscript]
http://mis.ucd.ie/courses/misp617/mms406/CPPCV3.ps
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Comparing Development Costs of C and Ada
Article by Stephen F. Zeigler. Analysis of a case where most variables were controlled enough to
make a comparison between development costs (time, error rates, code size, ...) of the 2 languages.
http://www.adaic.com/whyada/ada-vs-c/cada_art.html
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University of Michigan's Language Guide
Each entry includes history, description, code examples, and references.
http://www.engin.umd.umich.edu/CIS/course.des/cis400/
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Linea Engineering, Inc.: Getting The Biggest Bang For Your Buck
Compares VisualGen, Smalltalk, C++/Java, ANSI COBOL 85.
http://www.lineaengineering.com/Resources/Productivity_/productivity_.html
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Java vs. JavaScript
Similarities and Differences. From First Step Communications.
http://www.firststep.com.au/education/solid_ground/javadiff.html
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CLOS, Eiffel, and Sather: A Comparison
Comprehensive, many references; zipped Postscript, inlined gifs.
http://www.icsi.berkeley.edu/~sather/Publications/tr-91-047.html
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Sun's Comparison of Language Features
Table graphic, uses good-fair-poor metric, compares Java, Smalltalk, Tcl, Perl, Shells, C, C++.
http://www.npac.syr.edu/users/gcf/cps616java96/foilsepimagedir/023IMAGE.html
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Comparisons of Tcl with Other Systems
From ICEM CFD Engineering: Many comparisons between Tcl/Tk and other similar systems, most copied
from comp.lang.tcl.
http://www.icemcfd.com/tcl/comparison.html
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Guidelines for Choosing a Computer Language: Support for the Visionary Organizations
Multipage study compares: 4GL/5GL, 3GL (Ada 95, C, C++, COBOL, FORTRAN, Java, Smalltalk), 2GL
(Assembly). Divides language (definition) from traits of products that implement and support it.
Several sections, tables, appendixes.
http://archive.adaic.com/docs/reports/lawlis/content.htm
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PL Prelim Notes
Lists and compares about 20 languages.
http://www.cs.colorado.edu/~humphrie/pl/
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Object-Oriented Technologies
Includes a brief comparison of C++ and Java. By DPC Technology Corporation.
http://www.dpc-tech.com/dpc_ootech.html
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Programming Languages Table
By Capers Jones, Chairman, Software Productivity Research, Inc. Huge table of function point
evaluation values (how many code lines needed for a task) compares 500 languages, dialects, and/or
implementations.
http://www.theadvisors.com/langcomparison.htm
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Why Pascal is Not My Favorite Programming Language
Brian Kernighan's comparison of Pascal and C
http://www.lysator.liu.se/c/bwk-on-pascal.html
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Survey of scripting language implementation options
A comparison of scripting language approaches in various categories. Pros and cons are given for
each feature variation.
http://www.geocities.com/tablizer/langopts.htm
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Qtime Collection, FTP Download, Gzipped
Display time as English sentence, coded in: AWK, C, ICI, Icon, JavaScript, Lite/mSQL, PHP3, Pike,
Python, REBOL, Rexx, Ruby, SLang, Spanner. Tested on only Linux (all) and AmigaOS (C and Rexx
versions).
ftp://metalab.unc.edu/pub/linux/devel/lang/misc/
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Contrast Ruby and Other Languages
Ruby vs Perl, Python, Tcl, Java, Eiffel, C++. Very short.
http://www.math.sci.hokudai.ac.jp/%7Egotoken/ruby/compar.shtml
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The ROT13 Page
ROT13 implemented in many programming languages.
http://www.miranda.org/~jkominek/rot13/
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Java versus C++
This document compares the languages Java and C++. HTML, PS and PDF formats.
http://www.dur.ac.uk/barry.cornelius/Java/java.versus.c++/
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Ruby Versus Nine Object-Oriented Languages
Compares Ruby, Objective-C, Smalltalk-80, C++, Java, Python, CLOS, Perl5, PHP, Dylan.
http://www.approximity.com/ruby/Comparison_rb_st_m_java.html
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Java vs. C#
Code for code comparison. All features on both languages are compared.
http://www.javacamp.org/javavscsharp/index.html
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HEL vs. WebL
A comparison of two languages specialized for retrieving and parsing HTML pages.
http://cheops.cis.upenn.edu/~sahuguet/WAPI/HELvsWebL.html
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A Comparative Overview of C#
Also compares C#, Java, C++. By Ben Albahari.
http://genamics.com/developer/csharp_comparative.htm
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Beyond Java?
Compares Java and Dylan, with examples from building two CORBA IDL compilers. Topics include:
multiple inheritance, multi-argument dispatch, unified object model, extensible syntax. Several
code examples.
http://www.functionalobjects.com/resources/beyond-java.phtml
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Lambda the Ultimate
Programming Languages Weblog with news and discussion.
http://lambda.weblogs.com/
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Why Tcl is Better than Perl
Says Tcl is simpler, more maintainable, has superior GUI interface; Perl is hard to maintain and
embed, thread unsafe, complex to learn. No code samples, tables, graphs.
http://www.tcl.tk/advocacy/perl.html
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Python Compared to Other Languages
Many links to comparisons involving Python.
http://www.python.org/doc/Comparisons.html
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The Quine Page
Collection of self-reproducing programs: each outputs a copy of its own source code; about 60
languages.
http://www.nyx.net/~gthompso/quine.htm
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PLEAC: Programming Language Examples Alike Cookbook
Suite of common programming problems solved in Ada, C++, Erlang, Guile, Haskell, Java, Masd, merd,
NASM, Objective Caml, Perl, Pliant, Python, Ruby, Tcl.
http://pleac.sourceforge.net/
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Perl versus ...
Tom Christiansen compares Perl to other languages, and some of the others to yet others.
http://www.perl.com/language/versus/
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The Zen of Python
By Tim Peters.
http://www.awaretek.com/zen.html
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Reasons for TOM
TOM attempts to address flaws in these languages: C++, Cecil, Common Lisp, Eiffel, Java,
Objective-C, Smalltalk.
http://gerbil.org/tom/doc/why.shtml
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Programming Language Critiques
Annotated links to critiques (Older version, by original author)
http://www.ai.mit.edu/people/pdp8/critiques/critiques.html
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Willcam's Language Feature Simple Comparison
Table compares Java, Perl, Smalltalk, C++, C, Tcl, Shells (average).
http://www.willcam.com/perl_vs_java.html
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Objective-C: Comparisons With Other Languages
Compares Objective-C, SmallTalk-80, C++, Eiffel.
http://www.slip.net/~dekorte/Objective-C/Documentation/2_Comparisons/Comparisons.html
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A Comparison of C++, FORTRAN 90 and Oberon-2 for Scientific Programming
The report concludes by a personal assessment of the three languages with respect to the numerical
context. By Bernd Mösli. The reader's experience in scientific programming in C or FORTRAN would
be advantageous.
http://www.arithmetica.ch/Oberon/CFORTRANOberon.nhtml
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