| Directory > Reference > Encyclopedias > Subject Encyclopedias > Encyclopaedia of the Orient Aqaba, Gulf of
Gulf that is an arm of the Red Sea, running to the east of the Sinai peninsula and west of the
Arabian mainland.
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al-Mutanabbi
Arab poet, considered the greatest of the classical Arab poets.
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al-Ghazzali
One of the greatest thinkers in Islam, and among the foremost theologians.
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Ayatullah
Religious honorary title in Twelver Shi'i Islam in Iran.
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Aya
Verse in the Holy Koran.
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Avicenna
Iranian Islamic philosopher and physician.
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Avesta
The collections of scared texts in Zoroastrianism.
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Averro=EBs
Muslim philosopher, physician, maliki jurist and ashari theologian.
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Atlas Mountains
Mountainous area that fills most of the northwestern corner of Africa.
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At Ta'if
City in Saudi Arabia with 590,000 inhabitants. Slightly east of Mecca.
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Atat=FCrk
Founder of the modern republic of Turkey.
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Aswan High Dam
Dam construction in southern Egypt, that exploits the water of the Nile.
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Aswan
City in Egypt with 260,000 inhabitants. Capital of the Aswan Governorate.
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Assyut
City in Egypt, with around 380,000 inhabitants.
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Ash'aris
Theological school founded by Abu l-Hassani l-Ash'ari.
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Abu l-Hassan i l-Ash'ari
Muslim theolgian, founder of the Ash'ari school of theology.
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Arafat, Yassir
President of Palestine, through being president of the Palestinian Authority, which controls the
Palestinian territories in Gaza and on the West Bank.
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Arabs
People living in North Africa and the Middle East, from western Morocco, to Oman, and from Turkey
in the north to Yemen and Sudan in the south.
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Arabic
Semitic language used by Arabs — where there is a direct connection, as the majority of Arabs are
Arabs by language and not by blood.
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Arabia
Area made up of the Arabian Peninsula comprising the national states of Saudi Arabia, Kuwait,
Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Oman, and Yemen.
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Arabian Sea
Sea between the Arabian peninsula and the Indian subcontinent, that is part of the Indian Ocean.
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Anti-Lebanon Mountains
Mountain range of Lebanon and Syria. The length is approximately 150 km, and the highest mountain
peaks at 2,814 metres.
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Ankara
Capital of Turkey with 2.9 million inhabitants. Ankara is situated in the central of Turkey.
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Andalucia
Timeline of events taking place in, and forming, the region of Southern Spain consisting of
Andalucia Culture.
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Amman
Capital of Jordan with 1,2 million inhabitants.
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Amesha Spentas
Eternal divine beings in Zoroastrianism, entities that bring blessings and comfort.
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Amenhotep III
Egyptian Pharaoh reigning from 1417- 1379, being part of the 18th dynasty.
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Amenhotep II
Egyptian Pharaoh, reigning from 1450 to 1424, as part of the 18th dynasty.
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Amenhotep I
Egyptian Pharaoh, reigning from 1546 to 1525 BCE, son of the founder of the 18th dynasty, Ahmose 1.
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Amenemhet III
Egyptian Pharaoh, reigning from 1843- 1797 BCE, belonging to the 12th dynasty.
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Amenemhet I
Egyptian Pharaoh, reigning from 1991 BCE to 1962 BCE, founder of the 12. dynasty, after
overthrowing the rulers at Thebes.
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Allahu akbar
Muslim saying, frequently used, in situations ranging from greeting to expression of strong
sentiments. It is most correctly translated with "God is greater."
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Allah
The Arabic word for "God", used in Islam and Christianity.
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Alids
Descendants of Ali, the fourth Caliph, and the first Imam (according to Shi'i Islam).
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Ali Zayni l-Abidin
The fourth Imam of Shi'i Islam (680- 712 or 713).
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Ali r-Rida
Eighth Imam of the Twelver Shi'i Islam (799- 818).
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Ali l-Hadi
The tenth Imam of the Twelver Shi'i Islam (833- 868).
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Ali
4th Caliph, and the last Caliph that both Sunnis and Shi'is agree upon as justifiably elected, yet
the Kharijis did not accept him from 658 and onwards.
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Algiers
Capital of Algeria with 2.9 million inhabitants, and the largest and most important city of the
country, in economical, cultural and scientific sense.
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Algeria
Independent republic, divided into 48 provinces. Certain mountainous regions are under the control
of Islamist rebels.
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Alexandria
City in northern Egypt with about 3.9 million inhabitants. A commercial and economic centre.
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Aleppo
City in Syria with 1.9 million inhabitants. Commercial and cultural centre of northern Syria.
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Al Ahram
Egypt's largest newspaper, founded in 1875 by the Taqla family.
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Amenhotep IV
Egyptian Pharaoh, reigning from 1379 to 1362 BCE, as part of the 18th dynasty.
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AIS
Algerian political group. A militant subdivision of FIS, and not be confused with the far more
active and brutal GIA.
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Ain Draham
City of Tunisia, and the centre of the mountainous region in the northwest of the country, with
about 10,000 inhabitants.
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Ahura Mazda
The supreme god in Zoroastrianism.
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Ahriman
The evil power in the Avesta, the collection of religious writings in Zoroastrianism.
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Ahmose II
Egyptian Pharaoh, reigning from 569 to 526 BCE, as part of the 26th dynasty.
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Ahmose I
Egyptian Pharaoh, reigning from 1570 to 1546, and founder of the 18th dynasty.
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Agadir
City in Morocco with 720,000 inhabitants. A seaport and the administrative and economical centre
for its region.
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Adhan
Uttering used to call all Muslims to prayer, salat. Sent out from a minaret, either sung by a
muezzin present in the minaret, or transmitted from a loudspeaker with the help of cassette
recording.
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Aden, Gulf of
Western arm of the Arabian Sea, meeting the Red Sea at the strait Babu l-Mandeb.
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Aden
City of Yemen, and the country's winter capital, with 530,000 inhabitants, situated in the south of
the country, at the Gulf of Aden.
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Adana
City in Turkey with 1.1 million inhabitants. Situated inland, 30 km from the northeastern corner of
the Mediterranean Sea.
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Acacus
Mountain range in south-western Libya, and a subrange of the Hoggar Mountains of Algeria. Lies
southwest of the Fezzan area of central Libya.
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Abdu l-Qadir
Emir, religious and military resistance fighter against the French occupation of Algeria.
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al-Assad, Hafez
President of Syria (1971-2000).
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Abu Dhabi
Island, city, and emirate in the United Arab Emirates. The emirate has about 1.19 million
inhabitanst, while the city has about 420,000.
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Abu l-Wahhab
Founder of the Islamic school of the muwahhiduns, also known as Wahhabism.
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Abu Bakr
First Caliph of Islam.
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Abdu l-Karim
Moroccan politician and liberation fighter and leader.
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Abdullah, King
King of Jordan. Was named crown prince less than 2 weeks before he was sworn in as regent of
Jordan, following the declaration of the clinical death of his father, Hussein 1.
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Abbasids
Caliphate dynasty ruling from 750 until 1258. All of one big family that claimed to descend from
Abbas, an uncle of Muhammad.
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Abbas
Uncle of Muhammad. Successful merchant, and was known for the grandeur that he surrounded himself
with during his travels. Stories tell that he was in charge of the Zamzam.
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Abadan
City in Iran with 300,000 inhabitants. Situated in the south-western corner of Iran, on the island
of Abadan.
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Abu Nidal
Palestinian politician and guerilla leader.
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Aqaba, Gulf of
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