| Directory > Reference > Encyclopedias > Subject Encyclopedias > Spartacus Educational > Child Labour Wages in Lancashire in 1830
Includes chart with ages of workers, male and female pay.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRwages.htm
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Cotton Mills in 1830
Lists towns, number of mills and persons employed.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRmills.htm
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Ages of Workers
Includes table showing ages of male and female workers in cotton mills in Lancashire in 1833.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRages.htm
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Deaths in Leeds
Covers the period from 1780-82 and 1813-30. Includes ages and percentage of deaths.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRleeds.htm
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Average Height in 1836
Includes figures for children ages 9 through 16.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRheight.htm
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1891 Factory Act
Prohibited employment of women within four weeks after confinement and raised the minimum age at
which a child could work from ten to eleven. Includes brief details.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IR1891.htm
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1874 Factory Act
Reduced the working schedule a half-an-hour daily in textile factories. Includes brief details.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IR1874.htm
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1867 Factory Act
Restricted the hours during which children, young persons and women could work in any manufacturing
process in an establishment which employed fifty or more persons. Includes brief summary.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IR1867.htm
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1850 Factory Act
Slightly increased the weekly working hours from fifty-eight to sixty, while rendering the
enforcement of the definite working day practically secure. Includes brief details.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IR1850.htm
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1847 Factory Act
Limited the hours of work to sixty-three per week from the 1st of July 1847, and to fifty-eight per
week, from the 1st of May 1848. Includes brief details.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IR1847.htm
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1844 Factory Act
Reduced the hours of work for children between eight and thirteen to six and a half a day.
Includes brief details.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IR1844.htm
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1833 Factory Act
Attempted to establish a normal working day in a single department of industry or textile
manufacture. Includes brief details.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IR1833.htm
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1802 Factory Act
Applied principally, though not exclusively, to protect the health and morals of apprentices in
cotton and woolen mills. Includes brief details of regulations.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IR1802.htm
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Weight of Factory Children
Includes table showing the comparative weight in lbs. of factory and non-factory workers, ages
9-15.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRweight.htm
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Factory Inspectors
Appointed by government after passage of the 1833 Factory Act to check the age certificates of
working children. Includes brief excerpts from reports.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRinspectors.htm
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Michael Armstrong: Factory Boy
Novel published by Frances Trollope in 1840. Main message of the novel is that individual
philanthropy is an inadequate solution to the problems of industrialization.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRarmstrong.htm
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Short Time Committees
An article about the committees formed by workers to promote John Hobhouse's 1831 bill restricting
child labour.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRshort.htm
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Hannah Brown
Child worker who began job in a mill at the age of nine. Includes interview by Michael Sadler and
House of Commons Committee on June 13, 1832.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRbrown.htm
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Eliza Marshall
Began work at the age of nine in a textile factory. Includes interview by Michael Sadler and his
House of Commons Committee on May 26, 1832.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRmarshall.htm
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Stephen Binns
Began work in a local textile mill at the age of seven. Includes interview by Michael Sadler and
his House of Commons Committee on June 2, 1832, when he was working as an overlooker in a factory
in Leeds.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRbinns.htm
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James McNish
Began employment in the textile industry at the age of seven. Includes interview by Michael Sadler
and his House of Commons Committee on June 15, 1832.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRmcnish.htm
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Alexander Dean
Employed as an overlooker at Duntruin Mill. Includes interview by Michael Sadler and his House of
Commons Committee on June 29, 1832.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRdean.htm
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Charles Aberdeen
Started work at the age of twelve in a cotton factory. Sacked in April, 1832 for signing a
petition in favour of factory reform. Includes interview by Michael Sadler and his House of
Commons Committee on July 7, 1832.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRAberdeen.htm
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Gillett Sharpe
Overseer of the poor in Keighley. Includes interview by Michael Sadler and his House of Commons
Committee on June 6, 1832.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRsharpe.htm
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Matthew Crabtree
Began work at the age of eight in a factory. Includes interview by Michael Sadler and his House of
Commons Committee on May 18, 1832.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRcrabtree.htm
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Elizabeth Bentley
Began working at the age of six in a flax mill. Includes interview by Michael Sadler and his House
of Commons Committee on 4th June, 1832 regarding her working conditions.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRbentley.htm
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John Birley
Factory worker from Derbyshire. Account of his life as a child worker at Cressbrook Mill appeared
in The Ashton Chronicle on May 19, 1849. Includes excerpt from his writing.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRbirley.htm
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Samuel Downe
Began work at the age of ten in a factory. Includes interview by Michael Sadler and his House of
Commons Committee on June 4, 1832.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRdowne.htm
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Joseph Hebergram
Began working as a child at the age of seven in a mill. Includes interview by Michael Sadler and
his House of Commons Committee on July 7, 1832.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRhebergam.htm
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Benjamin Gomersal
Piecer at a worsted mill. Includes interview by William Dodd in 1842.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRgomersal.htm
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Mary Bucktrout
Began working at the age of fourteen in a flax mill. Includes her interview by William Dodd in his
book, The Factory System Illustrated.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRbucktrot.htm
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John Allett
At age 14 began working in a textile factory. Includes his interview with Michael Sadler and his
House of Commons Committee on May 21, 1832.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRallett.htm
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David Rowland
Child who worked as a piecer at a textile mill in Manchester. Includes brief interview by Michael
Sadler and his House of Commons Committee on July 10, 1832.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRrowland.htm
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William Hutton
Quaker who became the most important bookseller in Birmingham. In 1791 he was the victim of the
religious riots that took place in the city. Published several books about his childhood working
experiences.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRhutton.htm
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William Dodd
Wrote books about his experiences as a child worker in which he became crippled and had his right
arm amputated. Includes excerpts from his writings.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRdodd.htm
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William Rastrick
Worked as an overlooker at Shute's Silk Mill in Watford. Includes interview by Michael Sadler and
his House of Commons Committee on July 23, 1832.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRrastrick.htm
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Robert Blincoe
Child laborer, apprentice and adult operative. His biography, A Memoir of Robert Blincoe, was
written by John Brown in 1828. Includes excerpts from the story.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRblincoe.htm
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David Bywater
Began work at age 13 in steaming department of a factory. Includes interview by Michael Sadler and
his House of Commons Committee on April 13, 1832.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRbywater.htm
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Sarah Carpenter
Began work in a factory at the age of eight. Includes account of her life from an excerpt in The
Ashton Chronicle.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRcarpenter.htm
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Factory Accidents
Includes summary of report commissioned by the House of Commons in 1832 and excerpts from
interviews.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRaccidents.htm
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Factory Pollution
Features summary of report of major health problems of young workers.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRpollution.htm
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Punishment in Factories
Describes abuse suffered by children. Includes interviews about their working conditions.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRpunishments.htm
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Physical Deformities
Includes photo of cripples in the yard of children's home in London and interviews by Michael
Sadler's House of Commons Committee.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRdeformities.htm
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Workhouse Children
Term for pauper apprentices who signed contracts that virtually made them the property of the
factory owner. Includes excerpts from letters and newspaper articles.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRworkhouse.children.htm
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Apprentice Houses
Provided living accommodations for children who received board and lodging, and two pence a week
for their factory work.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRapprentice.htm
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Working Hours in Factories
Includes summary of legislation proposed in 1832 to reduce number of hours and survey conducted by
doctors in 1836.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRtime.htm
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Piecers
Term given to youngest children employed in textile factories whose job was to lean over
spinning-machines to repair the broken threads. Includes excerpts from narratives about their
work.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRpiecers.htm
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Scavengers
Term given to young children who picked up loose cotton underneath working machinery. Includes
brief newspaper articles and illustrations.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRscavengers.htm
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Archibald Buchanan
Partner in a company that owned several cotton mills in Scotland. Includes interview by Robert Peel
and his House of Commons Committee on April 25, 1816.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRbuchanan.htm
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Titus Salt
Owner of one of the most important textile companies in Bradford. Built an industrial community
called Saltaire and improved working conditions. Became active in politics and supported adult
suffrage. Includes excerpts from newspaper articles.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRsalt.htm
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William James
Representative of Cumberland East in the House of Commons. Includes excerpt from his speech made
on March 16, 1832 in which he defended employment of young children.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRjames.htm
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James Heywood
Represented Lancashire in the House of Commons between 1831-1857. Was against legislation on child
labor. Includes excerpt from speech made in the House of Commons on March 16, 1836.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRheywood.htm
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Dr. Henry Hardie
Investigated the health of children working in seven local textile mills. Includes brief interview
with Michael Sadler and his House of Commons Committee on May 26, 1832.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRhardie.htm
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William Bolling
Tory who was opposed to parliamentary reform and factory legislation. Includes excerpt from his
speech in the House of Commons on May 9, 1836.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRbolling.htm
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Lord Francis Egerton
Tory who was strongly opposed to factory legislation. Includes excerpt from his speech made in the
House of Commons on May 9, 1836.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRegerton.htm
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Henry Thomas Hope
Tory who opposed parliamentary reform and factory legislation. He was defeated in the 1832 General
Election. Includes excerpt from his speech made in the House of Commons on March 16, 1832.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRhope.htm
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William Wilson
Doctor in Manchester. Includes interview by Lord Kenyon's House of Lords Committee on May 29,
1818.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRwilson.htm
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William Whatton
Manchester doctor who examined workers at Peter Appleton's factory. Includes interview by Lord
Kenyon's House of Lords Committee on May 25, 1818.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRwhatton.htm
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Dr. Edward Holme
Physician in Manchester who investigated the health of children employed in the cotton-factories.
Includes brief interview by Lord Kenyon's House of Lords Committee on May 22, 1818.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRholme.htm
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Thomas Turner
House surgeon and apothecary of the Manchester Workhouse. Includes interview by Lord Kenyon's House
of Lords Committee on June 1, 1818.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRturner.htm
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Arkwright, Richard
Inventor of a spinning frame and a carding engine for the textile industry. Built factories in
Lancashire, Staffordshire and Scotland and employed many young children. Includes excerpts from
articles about their employment. 1732-1792
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRarkwright.htm
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Lord Althorp
Leader of the Whigs in Parliament and the House of Commons. Opposed the idea of a ten-hour day for
children factory workers and led the opposition to Michael Sadler and his supporters in the debates
that took place on this issue in 1832. Includes excerpts from speeches and letters.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRalthorp.htm
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Edward Baines
Played an important role in the opposition to factory legislation, universal suffrage and
government control over education. Includes excerpts from his autobiography. (1774-1848)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRbaines.htm
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Andrew Ure
Known for scientific writings with his Dictionary of Chemistry, and New System of Geology.
Traveled around the factory districts of Britain and published The Philosophy of Manufacturers in
1835. Includes brief excerpts from his work.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRure.htm
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Lewis Hine
Established what became known as documentary photography. Traveled throughout the United States to
photograph children working in factories. Campaigned to establish better safety laws for workers.
Includes brief biography and excerpts from writers about his work.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRhine.htm
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John Wood
Owned the most successful worsted spinning business in Britain in the 1820's. Became involved with
the problems of child labor and campaign for factory reform. Includes excerpts from interviews.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRwood.htm
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William Blizard
Worked for twenty years as a lecturer on surgery and anatomy at the Royal College of Surgeons.
Includes interview by Michael Sadler and his House of Commons Committee on May 21, 1832.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRblizard.htm
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Samuel Smith
Doctor in Leeds. Includes interview by Michael Sadler and his House of Commons Committee on July
16, 1832.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRsmith.htm
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Michael Ward
Doctor in Manchester for thirty years. Includes interview by Lord Kenyon's House of Lords
Committee on March 25, 1819.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRward.htm
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Abraham Whitehead
Cloth merchant from Holmfirth who joined the campaign for factory legislation. Includes interview
with Michael Sadler and his House of Commons Committee.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRwhitehead.htm
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Manchester's Children Factory Committee
Group of children who supported factory legislation for a ten-hour working day in 1836.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRmanchester.child.htm
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Frances Trollope
Novelist who wrote about social issues and produced 40 books. Includes short biography, excerpts
from her writing and portrait. (1780-1863).
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRtrollope.htm
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Joseph Rayner Stephens
Established the Ashton Chronicle, a newspaper that advocated radical social reform. Campaigned
against child labor and supported the founding of the National Miners' Association. Includes
excerpts from newspaper articles.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRstephens.htm
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Lord Ashley
Leader of the factory reform movement in the House of Commons. Helped set up the Children's
Employment Commission and piloted the Coal Mines Act, which prohibited women and children from
working underground. Includes excerpts from speeches.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRashley.htm
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Henry Orator Hunt
Radical candidate for the Westminster constituency and advocate for annual parliaments, universal
suffrage, the secret ballot and repeal of the Corn Laws. Includes excerpts from his speeches and
newspaper reports.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRhunt.htm
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Richard Carlile
Publisher of a radical newspaper, The Republican. Served prison term for violation of seditious
libel laws. Strong supporter of women's rights and campaigned against child labor. Includes
excerpts from his writings.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRcarlile.htm
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John Cam Hobhouse
Became the leading advocate of parliamentary reform and factory legislation in the House of
Commons. Includes excerpt from his speech made on May 15, 1821.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRhobhouse.htm
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Michael Sadler
Served in the House of Commons and advocated decrease in children's working hours. Interviewed
doctors experienced in treating people who worked in textile factories and published his report in
1833.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRsadler.htm
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John Doherty
Leader of the Manchester Spinners' Union. Strong opponent of child labor and helped form the
Society for Promoting National Regeneration, which advocated an eight-hour day for all workers.
Includes excerpts from his speeches.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRdoherty.htm
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John Fielden
Founder member of the Todmorden Unitarian Society, a religious group active in the social reform
movement. Leader of the reform movement in the House of Commons and campaigned for a ten-hour work
day. Includes excerpts from his writings.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRfielden.htm
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Richard Oastler
Leader in the factory reform movement. Strongly opposed universal suffrage, trade unions and was a
warm supporter of the rigid class structure of the early 19th century. Includes excerpts from his
writings.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRoastler.htm
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Robert Owen
Established four textile factories in New Lanark and was a strong advocate of factory reform.
Formed a new community in New Harmony, Indiana based on his socialist ideas. Expressed his views
in his journals, The Crisis and The New Moral World. Includes excerpts from various writings.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRowen.htm
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Robert Peel
One of the Britain's leading industrialists whose cotton factory employed over 15,000 workers. As
member of the House of Commons, he helped pass legislation limiting the hours of pauper children,
apprenticed in cotton mills, to twelve hours a day.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRpeelS.htm
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Henry Hetherington
Published a series of radical newspapers and punished for his activities. Campaigned against child
labor, the 1834 Poor Law and political corruption. Includes excerpts from writings about his
viewpoints and activities.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRhetherington.htm
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