| Directory > Reference > Encyclopedias > Subject Encyclopedias > Spartacus Educational > Reform of Parliament The Peterloo Massacre
A detailed account of the reform rally which occurred in Manchester on August 16, 1819. Eleven
people were killed and about 400, including 100 women, were wounded.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRpeterloo.htm
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Kennington Common Mass Meeting
Site of a Chartist rally led by Feargus O'Connor, an advocate of political reform.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/CHkennington.htm
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Women and Chartism
The Chartist groups in many towns had large sections of women who were often more militant than the
men. They were mainly involved in campaigning for their husbands' political rights.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/CHwomen.htm
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Newport Uprising
Clash between the Chartists and government troops on November 4, 1839 in which over twenty men were
killed and another fifty were wounded.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/CHnewport.htm
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Plug Riots
Series of strikes called in mines, mills and factories to protest wage reductions and appalling
working conditions. Workers removed plugs from factory boilers, forcing the factories to close.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/CHplug.htm
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Chartist Newspapers
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/CHnewspaper.htm
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General Strikes
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/CHgeneral.htm
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Public Meetings
Tactic used in the Chartist campaigns which gave orators such as Fears O'Connor and George Julian
Harney the opportunity to persuade people to join the campaign for the six points of the Charter.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/CHpublic.htm
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Chartist Petitions
Employed by leaders of the Moral Force faction as a method of persuasion to convince members of the
House of Commons to change the parliamentary system.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/CHpetitions.htm
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Physical Force Chartists
Group led by Feargus O'Connor, who advocated the use of violence to achieve political reform.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/CHphysical.htm
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Moral Force
Advocated by Chartists who believed that peaceful methods of persuasion such as the holding of
public meetings, the publication of newspapers and pamphlets and the presentation of petitions to
the House of Commons would finally convince those in power to change the parliamentary system.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/CHmoral.htm
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Richard Oastler
Absrtact: Born in Leeds in 1789, the son of a clothing merchant. He attended a Moravian boarding
school from 1798 to 1810 and became a commission agent. He strongly opposed universal suffrage,
trade unions and supported the class structure of the early 19th century. However, he believed it
was the responsibility of the ruling class to protect the weak and vulnerable and in 1836 Oastler
began advocating workers to use strikes and sabotage in their campaign for factory legislation and
changes in the poor law. He died in 1861.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRoastler.htm
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Henry Vincent
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/CHvincent.htm
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Charles Kingsley
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Frederick Denison Maurice
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REmaurice.htm
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Jane Smeal
A supporter of the Moral Force Chartist movement in the 1840s.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REsmeal.htm
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Elizabeth Pease
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REpeaseE.htm
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Anne Knight
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Wknight.htm
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Ernest Jones
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William Benbow
Chartist who worked for the Political Register where he was arrested and found guilty of seditious
libel. He believed that the only way equality would be achieved was through a violent revolution.
(1784-1841)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/CHbenbow.htm
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John Frost
Chartist who became a leader of the Physical Force movement. Advocated universal suffrage and
prison reform. (1784-1877)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/CHfrost.htm
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James Bronterre O'Brien
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William Cuffay
Chosen to become president of the London Chartists in 1842. As a militant leader in London, was
described by The Times as "the black man and his party". In 1848 a government spy
provided information on the group. Based on that evidence he was arrested, convicted, and sentenced
to be transported to Tasmania for 21 years. (1788-1870)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/CHcuffay.htm
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George Julian Harney
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/CHharney.htm
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Joseph Rayner Stephens
Established the Ashton Chronicle, a newspaper that advocated radical social reform. Campaigned
against child labor and the 1834 Poor Law. Includes excerpts from newspaper articles. (1805-1879)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRstephens.htm
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Feargus O'Connor
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/CHoconnor.htm
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Thomas Cooper
Abstract: Born in Leicester in 1805, he educated himself at home and in 1828 opened his own school
in Gainsborough. At one time he had over a hundred pupils but his decision to provide lessons in
Latin and Greek rather than concentrating on the basic subjects was upopular with the parents and
the school was eventually forced to close. In November 1840 he became a member of the Chartists and
later was found guilty of organising the Plug Plot Riots and spent the next two years in Stafford
Gaol. By the time he was released from prison he had changed his mind about the morality of using
physical force to obtain the vote. He continued to write for newspapers but after joining the
Baptist sect in 1856 he spent most of his time as a travelling preacher. He died in 1892.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/CHcooper.htm
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Robert Gammage
Helped establish the National Reform League. In 1852 he was elected to the National Executive
Committee of the Chartist movement. (1820-1888)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/CHgammage.htm
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George Holyoake
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Samuel Smiles
Abstract: Born in 1812, the eldest of eleven children, after attending the local school he left at
fourteen and joined Dr. Robert Lewins as an apprentice and then went to Edinburgh University in
1829 to study medicine and graduated in 1832. While in Edinburgh, Smiles became involved in the
campaign for parliamentary reform. In 1837 he began contributing articles on parliamentary reform
for theLeeds Times and decided to abandon his career as a doctor and to become a full-time worker
for the cause of political change. In the 1850s Samuel Smiles completely abandoned his interest in
parliamentary reform and now argued that self-help provided the best route to success. He died in
1904.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRsmiles.htm
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Thomas Wakley
Spent seventeen years in the House of Commons, remained a strong supporter of parliamentary reform
and was one of the few members of the House who defended the activities of the Chartists. As one of
the main opponents of the stamp duty on newspapers, in 1836 he published six issues of an unstamped
paper called A Voice from the Commons. (1796-1862)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRwakely.htm
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William Lovett
Established the Anti-Militia Association which successfully campaigned for the end of militia
drawings, then joined the National Union of the Working Classes and Grand National Consolidated
Trades Union. In 1836 formed the London Working Men's Association (LMWA) which became the Chartists
and was the first leader. (1800-1877)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRlovett.htm
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1928 Equal Franchise Act
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/W1928.htm
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1918 Qualification of Women Act
Granted women the vote in parliamentary elections. Includes selections from speeches and excerpts
from several writers.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/W1918.htm
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1885 Redistribution Act
Parliamentary reform proposed by William Gladstone and the Liberal Party. Aimed to construct
constituencies of approximately equal size.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PR1885.htm
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1884 Reform Act
Introduced by Gladstone and gave working class males the same voting rights as those living in the
boroughs.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PR1884.htm
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1883 Corrupt Practices Act
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PR1883.htm
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1872 Secret Ballot Act
Absract: After the passage of the 1867 Reform Act, working class males now formed the majority in
most borough constituencies. Employers were still able to use their influence in some
constituencies because of the open system of voting. Employers and landlords knew how people voted
and could punish them if they did not support their preferred candidate. In 1872 this intimidation
was removed when the government brought in the Ballot Act which introduced a secret system of
voting.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PR1872.htm
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1867 Reform Act
Gave the vote to every male adult householder living in a borough constituency. Male lodgers paying
£10 for unfurnished rooms were also granted the vote.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PR1867.htm
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1832 Reform Act
Proposed by Earl Grey, Whig prime minister. Provided for disenfranchisement clauses for some of the
rotten boroughs and more representation in the House of Commons for growing industrial towns.
Defeated by the House of Lords.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PR1832.htm
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Robert Cecil: Marquis of Salisbury
Became Secretary for India in Lord Derby's government and Foreign Secretary. Helped in defeat of
the Parliamentary Reform Bill proposed by William Gladstone in 1866. Became leader of the
Conservative Party and prime minister in 1885. (1830-1903)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRsalisbury.htm
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Benjamin Disraeli
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Titus Salt
Industrialist owner of an important textile company in Bradford, then built an industrial community
called Saltaire with improved working conditions. Active in politics he did not believe that the
1832 Reform Act went far enough. In 1835 he founded the Bradford Reform Association and publicly
supported the Chartists. Disturbed by the growth of the Physical Force Chartists, he helped
establish the United Reform Society, an attempt to unite middle and working class reformers.
(1803-1876)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRsalt.htm
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Charles Bradlaugh
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15th Earl of Derby
Abstract: Eldest son of the 14th Earl of Derby, was born on the 21st July 1826. He was educated at
Rugby School and Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1848 Stanley went in a tour of the West Indies,
America and Canada. While he was away he was elected as the Conservative MP for King's Lynn. In
1852 the Earl of Derby became Prime Minister. He appointed his son as under secretary for foreign
affairs. In 1869 his father died and he succeeded him as the 15th Earl of Derby. Benjamin Disraeli
became Prime Minister in February 1874 and the Earl of Derby became Foreign Secretary. The Earl of
Derby disagreed with the policy of Irish Home Rule and in 1886 joined the new Liberal Unionist
Party. He led this party in the House of Lords until he retired in 1889. Edward Stanley, 15th Earl
of Derby, died on 21st April, 1893.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRderby.htm
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14th Earl of Derby
Abstract: The son of the 13th Earl of Derby, was born at Knowsley Park, Lancashire in 1799. He was
educated at Eton and Christ College, Oxford and entered parliament for Stockbridge in 1820. In 1841
Stanley agreed to join the Conservative government led by Robert Peel. Stanley became colonial
secretary and was responsible for the Canadian Corn Bill. However, he disagreed with the policy of
Sir Robert Peel to repeal the Corn Laws in Britain. Stanley now became one of the leader of the
group that became known as the Protectionists. By 1868 the now Earl of Derby and Prime Minister was
in poor health and was forced to retire from office and was replaced by Benjamin Disraeli. Edward
Stanley, 14th Earl of Derby, died later that year.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRderby1.htm
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Thomas Hughes
Abstract: Vorn in 1822 and educated at Oriel College, Oxford, he trained as a lawyer. While a
student he read The Kingdom of Christ (1838) by Frederick Denison Maurice. In the book Maurice
argued that politics and religion are inseparable and that the church should be involved in
addressing social questions. Hughes became a supporter of Chartism in 1848, he helped form the
Christian Socialist movement. The men discussed how the Church could help to prevent revolution by
tackling what they considered were the reasonable grievances of the working class. In 1856 he wrote
Tom Brown's Schooldays (1856) based on his school experiences at Rugby School. His follow-up novel,
Tom Brown at Oxford was less successful. Hughes became a Liberal MP between 1865 and 1874 and
principal of the Working Men's College from 1872 to 1883. Thomas Hughes died in 1896.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REhughes.htm
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Henry Fawcett
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Hebert Ingram
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John Stuart Mill
Wrote a large number of books on philosophy and economics. Member of the House of Commons and
campaigned for parliamentary reform. (1806-1873)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRmill.htm
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Lord Palmerston
Served as Secretary at War under five prime ministers. Became Prime Minister and was totally
opposed to any extension of the franchise and parliamentary reform. (1784-1865)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRpalmerston.htm
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William Gladstone
Opposed parliamentary reform but spoke in favour of the measure when Edward Baines introduced a
reform bill, pointing out that only one fiftieth of the working classes had the vote. (1809-1898)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRgladstone.htm
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Earl of Aberdeen
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Daniel O'Connell
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John Bright
Quaker who was elected to represent Durham in the House of Commons and campaigned for the repeal of
the Corn Laws. Became one of the leading advocates for universal suffrage. (1811-1889)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRbright.htm
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Richard Cobden
Abstract: Born in 1804, in Heyshott, Sussex one of eleven children. He received very little formal
schooling and at the age of fourteen became a clerk in the textile industry. In 1841 General
Election Cobden became the MP for Stockport. Cobden believed that international trade was essential
if war between major powers was to be avoided. William Gladstone, the Chancellor of the Exchequer
agreed and recruited Cobden to negotiate a new trade agreement with France. On 2nd April, 1865,
Richard Cobden died of an acute attack of bronchitis.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRcobden.htm
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Michael Sadler
Served in the House of Commons and advocated decrease in children's working hours. (1780-1835)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRsadler.htm
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John Fielden
Founder member of the Todmorden Unitarian Society, a religious group active in the social reform
movement. Leader of the reform movement in the House of Commons and campaigned for a ten-hour work
day. Includes excerpts from his writings. (1784-1849)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRfielden.htm
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Horace Twiss
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Lord Althorp
Leader of the Whigs in Parliament and the House of Commons. Opposed the idea of a ten-hour day for
children factory workers and led the opposition to Michael Sadler and his supporters in the debates
on this issue in 1832. Includes excerpts from speeches and letters. (1782-1845)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRalthorp.htm
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Lord Morpeth
Member of the Whig party and supporter of parliamentary reform. Appointed chief secretary for
Ireland for six years and carried through Parliament several reforms including the Irish Tithe
Bill, the Irish Municipal Reform Bill and the Irish Poor Law Bill. (1802-1864)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRhoward.htm
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Thomas Macaulay
Abstract: Born in Leicestershire in 1800. He became editor of the Christian Observer and in 1823
joined with others to form the Anti-Slavery Society. Macaulay became very interested in
utilitarianism and was influenced by the ideas of Jeremy Bentham and Joseph Priestley. As well as
producing articles for the Edinburgh Review, Macaulay began work on his History of England. The
first two volumes were published to great acclaim in 1848, the third and four volumes were
published in December 1855. Although criticised for its pro-Whig sympathies, the History of England
sold over 26,000 copies in ten weeks and was translated into many languages. In August 1857 he was
granted the title Baron Macaulay of Rothley. He attended the House of Lords for debates but refused
the offer of a post in the government. Thomas Macaulay died on 28th December 1859.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRmacaulay.htm
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Thomas Creevey
Abstract: Born in Liverpool on 5th March, 1768 and educated at a boarding school in London, he was
a good student and at seventeen went to Queens' College, Cambridge. In 1802, now a lawyer, he was
asked to become a candidate at Thetford and at the age of thirty-four entered the House of Commons.
In 1806 the prime minister, Lord Grenville, gave Creevey the position of Secretary to the Board of
Control in his government. He lost the job when Grenville resigned in 1807. He also lost his seat
at Thetford but in 1820 he became the MP for Appleby. Thomas Creevey died in Greenwich on 2nd
February, 1838.
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Joseph Hume
Represented Tory party in House of Commons and later became a Whig. Considered the leader of the
movement for universal suffrage. Advocated the setting up of savings banks, the abolition of
flogging in the army and an end to imprisonment for debt. (1777-1855)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRhume.htm
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Lord Melbourne
Whig who was elected to the House of Commons, the House of Lords and became prime minister.
Disliked political controversy and after the passing of the 1832 Reform Act did not favor
parliamentary reform. (1779-1848)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRmelbourne.htm
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Thomas Duncombe
Abstract: Born in Yorkshire in 1796. After his education at Harrow School Duncombe joined the
Coldstream Guards. While in the army he met General Ronald Ferguson, and was influenced by his
ideas and when he retired from the army in 1819 began to look for a seat in the House of Commons,
and was eventually elected to represent Hertford in June 1826. He became a strong supporter of
parliamentary reform amd was one of the few members who was willing to argue the case for universal
suffrage. He made it clear that he considered it is responsibility to represent the views of the
working people as well as those who had actually voted for him. His political life was hampered by
ill-health and he was forced to spend long periods away from the House of Commons. He died on 13th
November, 1861.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/CHduncombe.htm
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Henry Brougham
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John Cam Hobhouse
Became the leading advocate of parliamentary reform and factory legislation in the House of
Commons. Includes excerpt from his speech made on May 15, 1821. (1786-1869)
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Duke of Wellington
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Sir Robert Peel
Anstract: Born in Bury, Lancashire, on 5th February, 1788. Educated at Harrow School and Christ
Church, Oxford, he won a double first in classics and mathematics. Robert Peel entered the House of
Commons in April 1809, at the age of twenty-one. In 1822, after a brief interlude, rejoined Lord
Liverpool's government when he accepted the post of Home Secretary. Over the next five years Peel
was responsible for large-scale reform in the legal system including the repeal of over 250 old
statutes. For a long time politicians had been concerned about the problems of law and order in
London. In 1829 Peel decided to reorganize the way London was policed. As a result of this reform,
the new metropolitan police force became known as "Peelers" or "Bobbies". He
was badly hurt in a riding accident and on 2nd July, 1850, he died from his injuries.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRpeel.htm
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Lord John Russell
Leader of the Whig campaign in the House of Commons for parliamentary reform. Served as prime
minister from 1846-52 and 1865-66. (1792-1878)
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Earl Grey
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The Northern Star
First published in 1838. Contained reports on Chartist meets in Britain and its letter's page
enabled supporters to join the debate on parliamentary reform. Ceased publication in 1852.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/CHnorthern.htm
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The Poor Man's Guardian
Published in 1831 and closely associated with the National Union of the Working Classes. Gave
extensive coverage to the struggle over the 1832 Reform Act. Ceased publication in 1835.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRpoor.htm
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The Republican
A radical newspaper which criticized the government, particularly for its role in the Peterloo
Massacre.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRrepublican.htm
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The Black Dwarf
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRblack.htm
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The Leeds Times
Middle-class radical newspaper founded in 1833. Attempted to unite working and middle class
reformers and favored factory legislation.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRLeedsTimes.htm
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The Leeds Mercury
Newspaper edited by Edward Baines, an ardent advocate of parliamentary reform and supporter of the
Liberal Party.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRLeedsMercury.htm
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The Political Register
First published in 1802 and became the main newspaper read by the working class. Publisher William
Cobbett used the newspaper to campaign for parliamentary reform.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRregister.htm
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Manchester Herald
First published in 1792. Advocated parliamentary reform. Ceased publication in 1795.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRherald.htm
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Manchester Chronicle
Tory newspaper founded by Charles Wheeler in 1781. Achieved popularity with readers who opposed
social reform. Ceased publication in 1842.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRchronicle.htm
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Manchester Observer
Radical newspaper formed in 1818 which criticized the government. Reported on the incident which
became known as the Peterloo Massacre.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRobserver.htm
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The Sheffield Register
Abstract: The first edition published on 9th June 1787. A pioneer of a newspaper which gave
extensive coverage to local issues while reporting on major national stories. Unlike most
provincial newspapers, the Sheffield Register did not rely on copying articles that had first
appeared in London journals. The newspaper both educated and reflected the views of the artisans
and small manufacturers in the area.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRsheffield.htm
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Manchester Guardian
First published in 1821. Advocated political reform.
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The Times
Founded by John Walter in 1785 as neutral in politics, the Daily Universal Register included
parliamentary reports. Needing funds, a secret deal was made to publish stories favourable to the
government. In 1788 it began focusing on scandals and gossip and was renamed The Times. With a new
owner in 1803 the newspaper advocated independent reporting and began to argue for parliamentary
reform. In a debate in the House of Commons in 1832, Sir Robert Peel argued that The Times was the
"principal and most powerful advocate of Reform" in Britain.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRtimes.htm
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Preston Borough
Represented in Parliament in 1295 and unlike most boroughs granted the right to vote in
parliamentary elections to all inhabitants.
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Westminster Borough
Their elected representation of the constituency in the House of Commons was Radical between 1784
and 1852.
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Oxford University Elections
District was granted two members of Parliament. Almost all elected represented the Tory party,
which sought to preserve the traditional political structure and opposed parliamentary reform.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRoxford.htm
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Cambridge University
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRcambridge.htm
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Pocket Boroughs
Parliamentary constituencies controlled by one man who was known as the patron. Includes table
with list of boroughs, patrons and representation.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRpocket.htm
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Rotten Boroughs
Abstract: A rotten borough was a parliamentary constituency that had declined in size but still had
the right to elect members of the House of Commons. Rotten boroughs had very few voters and were
under the control of one man, the patron. With just a few individuals with the vote and no secret
ballot, it was easy for candidates to buy their way to victory.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRrotten.htm
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Reform Riots in 1832
Demonstrations waged by the people after the House of Lords defeated the Reform Bill of 1831.
Includes a cartoon and letters.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRreformriots.htm
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The Bristol Riot
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRbristol.htm
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Taxes on Knowledge
Abstract: A tax was first imposed on British newspapers in 1712. The tax was gradually increased
until in 1815 it had reached 4d. a copy. As few people could afford to pay 6d. or 7d. for a
newspaper, the tax restricted the circulation of most of these journals to people with fairly high
incomes. The stamp duty was also applied on journals that contained any "public news,
intelligence or occurrences, or any remarks or observations thereon, or upon any matter in Church
or State." The government announced that it hoped that this stamp duty would stop the
publication of newspapers and pamphlets that tended to "excite hatred and contempt of the
Government and holy religion."
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRknowledge.htm
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The Six Acts
Abstract: The Six Acts were a response by Lord Liverpool and his Tory government to the Peterloo
Massace of 1819. When Parliament reassembled on 23rd November, 1819, the government's Home
Secretary, announced their details. By the 30th December, 1819, Parliament had debated and passed
six measures that it hoped would suppress radical newspapers and meetings as well as reducing the
possibility of an armed uprising. These measures were opposed by the Whigs as being a suppression
of popular rights and liberties and warned that it was unreasonable to pass national laws to deal
with problems that only existed in certain areas, especially when those measures would encourage
even more rebellion.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRsix.htm
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The Cato Street Conspiracy
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRcato.htm
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The Peterloo Massacre
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/peterloo.html
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The Gagging Acts
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRgagging.htm
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The Luddites: 1811-1812
Workers, upset by wage reductions and the use of unapprenticed workmen, who broke into factories at
night to destroy new machines. Their activities became a capital offense. As a result, Parliament
passed the Frame Breaking Act in which people convicted of machine-breaking were sentenced to
death.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRluddites.htm
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The Blanketeers March
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRblanketeers.htm
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William IV
Third son of George III, who ruled England from 1830 to 1837. A Whig who supported Catholic
Emancipation and favored parliamentary reform in the House of Lords. (1765-1837)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRwilliamIV.htm
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King George IV
Strong opponent of Catholic Emancipation and against parliamentary reform. Includes brief
biography. (1762-1830)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRgeorgeIV.htm
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King George III
Opposed parliamentary reform and came into conflict with William Pitt over his policy of Catholic
Emancipation. Includes brief biography. (1738-1820)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRgeorgeIII.htm
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Charles Dickens
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRdickens.htm
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John Leech
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/CHleech.htm
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William Blake
An artist mainly employed by the radical bookseller, Joseph Johnson. Blake developed an attitude
of revolt against authority, combining political belief and visionary ecstasy. (1757-1827)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRblake.htm
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Percy Bysshe Shelley
Poet and writer who became involved in radical politics. Author of a pamphlet which suggested a
national referendum on electoral reform and improvements in working class education. Includes
biography, selections from his works and photo. (1792-1822)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRshelley.htm
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James Leigh Hunt
Essayist, poet and editor. Started a political journal called the Examiner which gave support to
radicals in Parliament. (1784-1859)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRleigh.htm
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William Hogarth
Artist and engraver who produced and published political satires and paintings. (1697-1764)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRhogarth.htm
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Lord Byron
Poet and member of the House of Lords. Became a strong advocate of social reform and was one of
the few men in Parliament to defend the actions of the Luddites. Opposed the Frame Breaking Bill.
Includes short biography and portrait. (1788-1824)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRbyron.htm
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George Cruikshank
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRcruikshank.htm
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The Observer
Newspaper which advocated government's policies and did not support writers advocating
parliamentary reform.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRsundayobserver.htm
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William Hazlitt
Essayist and critic. Wrote articles and pamphlets on political corruption and the need to reform
the voting system. Employed as the parliamentary reporter for the Morning Chronicle, he criticized
all political parties, Later he contributed to The Examiner, a radical journal. Includes photo and
excerpts of political writing. (1778-1830)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRhazlitt.htm
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Thomas Rowlandson
Abstract: Born in London in 1756 he learnt to draw before he could write and by the time he was ten
he was spending all his free time drawing. After attending Eton he became a student at the Royal
Academy. At sixteen he left for France where he spent two years at a drawing school in Paris. In
1777 he opened a studio in Wardour Street where he established himself as a portrait painter.
Rowlandson also travelled a great deal in Europe where he drew pictures of his experiences. Like
many people in England, he was horrified by the way the authorities treated the people who attended
the meeting at St. Peter's Field, to hear Henry 'Orator' Hunt speak on parliamentary reform. As a
result of the Peterloo Massacre, he drew one of his most overtly political drawings. Thomas
Rowlandson died on 22nd April 1827.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRrowlandson.htm
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James Gillray
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRgillray.htm
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The Hampden Clubs
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRhampden.htm
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Spencean Philanthropist Society
Abstract: Thomas Spence a schoolteacher from Newcastle-upon-Tyne arrived in London in December
1792. Soon after arriving he was arrested for selling Rights of Man by Tom Paine. For the next
twenty years of his life Spence spent long periods in prison for selling Radical books, pamphlets,
newspapers and broadsheets. He died in September 1814. He was buried by "forty disciples"
who pledged that they would keep his ideas alive. They did this by forming the Society of Spencean
Philanthropists.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRspencean.htm
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Isaac Cruikshank
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRcruikshankIS.htm
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Unitarian Society
One of the early reform groups, Unitarians were closely identified with social and political
reform. Considered religious radicals in London, they formed the Unitarian Society in 1791 to
promote the cause of parliamentary reform.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRunitarian.htm
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Friends of the People
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRfriends.htm
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Bill of Rights Society
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRbillofrights.htm
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George Edwards
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRedwards.htm
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Richard Birnie
Abstract: Born in Scotland in 1760. Apprenticed as a saddler he moved to London, became partner in
a tack company and married the daughter of a wealthy London merchant. He later became a magistrate
at Bow Street where he developed a reputation for being autocratic and vindictive. He became Chief
Magistrate in 1821 and died in 1832 as Sir Richard Birnie.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRbirnie.htm
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William Hulton
As High Sheriff of Lancashire, he was kept busy with local attempts to form trade unions and
rebellions against the building of textile factories. Appointed chairman of the Lancashire and
Cheshire Magistrates in July 1819, he was relied upon to deal severely with working class people
arguing for political reform. (1787-1864)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRhulton.htm
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Vincent Dowling
Appointed first reporter for the Observer Newspaper in 1791. Recruited as a Home Office Spy with a
government subsidy to the paper. Was paid to record what was said at an 1816 meeting of the Society
of Spencean Philanthropists, a group advocating revolution, after which he reported the Spenceans
were planning to overthrow the British government.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRdowling.htm
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William Oliver
Imprisoned for unpaid debt and recruited as a Home Office spy. Upon release he formed a friendship
with radical Charles Pendrill and traveled to meet with leading reformers in industrial districts,
falsely informing them that Radicals in London were planning an armed uprising and encouraging
local workers to join the rebellion. Oliver was working as an agent provocateur for Lord Sidmouth,
the Home Secretary and the men were arrested, some executed and the rest sent to Australia for
life.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRoliver.htm
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John Castle
Member of the Spencean Philanthropists, a group of radicals who advocated revolution.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRcastle.htm
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John Stafford
Chief Clerk at Bow Street courthouse. One of his main tasks was to recruit Home Office spies, give
them their orders and to receive their reports. Their information led to the arrest several members
of the Spencean Philanthropists, a group who were involved in the Spa Riots and the Cato Street
Conspiracy. (1766-1837)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRstafford.htm
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Lord Sidmouth
Become speaker of the House of Commons in 1789 and was appointed prime minister in 1801. Supported
the Tories in parliament, voted against Catholic Emancipation and the Reform Act of 1832 and helped
pass the Gagging Acts. (1757-1844)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRsidmouth.htm
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William Davidson
A revolutionary, he became involved in radical politics after the Peterloo Massacre and became a
member of the Spencean Philanthropists. He was involved in an unsuccessful plot to assassinate
several members of the British government and was caught, found guilty of high treason and
sentenced to death. (1781-1820)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRdavidson.htm
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John Brunt
Member of the Society of Spencean Philanthropists, a radical group that advocated revolution.
Involved in the Cato Street Conspiracy, he was found guilty of high treason and sentenced to death.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRbrunt.htm
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James Ings
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRings.htm
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Richard Tidd
Abstract: Born in Lincolnshire in 1775, he moved to London in his youth and became a shoemaker.
Over the years his political ideas had become more revolutionary and he was now a follower of
Thomas Spence. He was particularly incensed by the Peterloo Massacre and afterwards talked about
the possibility of killing Lord Castlereagh and Lord Sidmouth for their role in this event. On 28th
April 1820, he, with others, was found guilty of high treason and sentenced to death. He was
executed at Newgate Prison on the 1st May, 1820.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRtidd.htm
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Dr. James Watson
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRwatson.htm
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Arthur Thistlewood
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRthistlewood.htm
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Thomas Spence
Radical journalist and advocate of revolution. As unofficial leader of the revolutionary Radicals,
he encouraged the formation of small groups that could meet in local public houses and argued that
all land should be nationalised. (1750-1814)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRspence.htm
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London Corresponding Society
Organized in 1792 for the purpose of campaigning for the working class vote.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRcorresponding.htm
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William Skirving
Held radical political views. Became Secretary of the Scottish Association of the Friends of the
People in 1792. Government spies attended these meetings and Fox was arrested at a meeting in
Edinburgh, found guilty of writing and publishing pamphlets on parliamentary reform and sentenced
to 14 years in Australia where he died of dysentery, becoming the second Scottish Martyr.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRskirving.htm
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Joseph Gerrald
Became involved in the campaign for parliamentary reform. Joined the London Corresponding Society
and wrote the pamphlet A Convention is the Only Means of Saving Us from Ruin. (1763-1796)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRgerrald.htm
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Maurice Margarot
Member of the London Corresponding Society. Wrote and published pamphlets on parliamentary reform.
(1745-1815)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRmargarot.htm
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George Mealmaker
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRmealmaker.htm
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Thomas Muir
Abstract: Born in Glasgow in 1765. He began attending Glasgow Grammar School in 1770 and at the age
of ten was admitted to Glasgow University. He embarked upon the study of divinity, however, in 1782
he abandoned his studies for the Church and began attending the classes of John Millar, one of
Britain's first sociologists. He finished his studies at Edinburgh University and entered the
Faculty of Advocates in 1787. Muir soon developed a reputation as a lawyer who was willing to
appear in court on behalf of poor clients who could not afford to pay a fee. He also became a
fierce critic of a legal system that he believed was biased in favour of the rich. He died on 26th
January, 1799.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRmuir.htm
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Thomas Fyshe Palmer
Abstract: Born in August 1747. After being educated at Eton and Queen's College, Cambridge, he
became a curate at Leatherhead in Surrey where he came under the influence of the radical preacher,
Joseph Priestley. Palmer became dissatisfied with the doctrines of the Church of England and moved
to Montrose in Scotland where he joined a group of Unitarians who had opened a chapel in the town.
In 1793, he and three other men found guilty of writing and publishing pamphlets on parliamentary
reform, were sentenced to prison in Australia. Unlike some of the Scottish Martyrs, Palmer appeared
to get on well with the military in New South Wales. He died on 2nd January 1802.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRpalmer.htm
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John Cleave
Worked with Henry Hetherington in the Civil and Religious Association. Started newspaper and
campaigned for political reform. Campaigned for removal of the stamp duty on newspapers.
(1790-1847)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/CHcleave.htm
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Archibald Prentice
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRprentice.htm
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James Wroe
Journalist and publisher of radical newspaper, the Manchester Observer. Helped form the Patriotic
Union Society, a group dedicated to obtain parliamentary reform. (1788-1844)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRwroe.htm
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James Watson
Journalist. Publisher of the newspaper, the Working Man's Friend, in which he attacked the 1832
Reform Act.(1799-1874).
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/CHwatson.htm
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William Hone
Radical publisher of political pamphlets written by himseld and illustrated by George Cruikshank.
(1780-1842)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRhone.htm
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Joseph Johnson
Strong supporter of universal suffrage and annual parliaments. One of the founders of the
Patriotic Union Society whose main objective was to obtain parliamentary reform. (1791-1872)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRjohnson.htm
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John Wade
Journalist who wrote several articles in favor of parliamentary reform. (1788-1875)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRwade.htm
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Joseph Gales
Unitarian, publisher of radical newspaper, and political activist who supported parliamentary
reform and universal suffrage. (1761-1841)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRgales.htm
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Richard Carlile
Abstract: Born in 1790, the son of a shoemaker from Ashburton, Devon. He received six years
education from the local Church of England school, learnt to read and write and at age of twelve
left school and was apprenticed as a tinplateman in Plymouth. In 1813 he married a local woman and
moved to London where he tried to earn a living by selling the writings of reformers such as Tom
Paine. He also began publishing a radical newspaper called The Republican and became involved in
the campaign against child labour. Ultimately, he ended up living in poverty but when he died in
1843, a large number of people attended his funeral in recognition of his important role in
achieving a free press.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRcarlile.htm
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George Binns
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/CHbinns.htm
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John Doherty
Leader of the Manchester Spinners' Union. Strong opponent of child labor and advocated an
eight-hour day for all workers. Favored repeal of the Combination Acts and the Corn Laws. Includes
excerpts from his speeches. (1798-1854)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRdoherty.htm
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Mary Wollstonecraft
Wrote a pamphlet, A Vindication of the Rights of Man, in which she opposed the slave trade, the
game laws and ill-treatment of the poor. (1759-1797)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRwollstonecraft.htm
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William Godwin
An author with radical political views, Godwin published "Enquiry into Political Justice"
in 1793, in which he argued that as long as people acted rationally, they could live without laws
or institutions. He had great influence on writers such as Percy Bysshe Shelley and Lord Byron.
(1756-1836)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRgodwin.htm
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Thomas Hardy
Abstract: Born in Larbert, Scotland in 1752. After a brief education at the local school, he went
to work for his grandfather who taught him the trade of shoemaking. Trade was difficult and Hardy
gradually came to the conclusion that his economic problems were being caused by a corrupt
Parliament. After a period of radicalism and protest activities he was arrested, and during a
riotous assault on his house his wife died in childbirth, and his sixth child was sitllborn. After
his trial Hardy ceased to be active in politics. He ran a small shoeshop in Covent Garden until his
retirement in 1815. Thomas Hardy died in Pimlico on 11th October 1832.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRhardy.htm
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Henry 'Orator' Hunt
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRhunt.htm
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John Thelwall
Helped form the London Corresponding Society, which attacked the government's foreign policy.
Lectured frequently on political reform and was active in protest meetings. (1764-1834)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRthelwall.htm
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Tom Paine
Journalist, author, and one of the radical reformers advocating the superiority of republican
democracy over monarchical government. Published "The Rights of Man" in which he argued
for the vote and equal political rights for all adult males, which would result in a House of
Commons. (1737-1809)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRpaine.htm
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Thomas Attwood
Abstract: Born at Hawne House, Halesowen on 6th October, 1783. After being educated at
Wolverhampton Grammar School, he began work at his father's bank. Attwood first became involved in
politics when he joined the campaign against the East India Company. In 1812 the government
appointed a Select Committee to of the House of Commons to investigate the activities of the East
India Company. Attwood led the Birmingham delegation which gave evidence to the Committee. In June
1839, he presented the first National Petition to the House of Commons. Although it had been signed
by over 1,280,000 people, the Commons rejected the petition by 235 votes to 46. Frustrated by the
unwillingness of Parliament to respond to public pressure, he decided to resign from Parliament and
died in Malvern on 9th March 1859.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/CHattwood.htm
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Robert Owen
Abstract: Born in 1771 in Newtown, Wales, at age ten, he went to work in drapers in Lincolnshire.
He eventually purchased four textile factories in New Lanark and under his control, the Chorton
Twist Company expanded rapidly. He stopped employing children under ten and reduced their labour to
ten hours a day. The young children went to the nursery and infant schools that he had built. Older
children worked in the factory but also had to attend his secondary school for part of the day. He
hoped that the way he treated children at his factories would encourage others to follow his
example. By 1827 he had lost interest in his textile mills and sold the business. He continued to
work for his "new moral order" until his death in 1858.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRowen.htm
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John Horne Tooke
Leader of the Bill of Rights Society and later formed the Constitutional Society, to campaign for
parliamentary reform. (1736-1812)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRtooke.htm
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Sir Francis Burdett
Abstract: Born in 1770, the son of the Baronet of Foremark. After being educated at Westminster
School and Oxford University, he went on a long tour of Europe. In 1797 he became a member of the
House of Commons. He opposed the suspension of Habeas Corpus in 1796 and criticised all attempts by
the government to suppress individual freedom. He was seen as the leader of the Radicals in the
House of Commons. He died in 1884, while sitting as the Tory M.P. for North Wiltshire.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRburdett.htm
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Thomas Cochrane
Abstract: The son of the ninth Earl of Dundonald, was born in Annsfield, Lanarkshire in 1775. He
was educated at home and after a brief spell at the Chauvet Military Academy in London, he joined
the Royal Navy. Cochrane became captain of H.M.S. Speedy in 1800 and he soon established a
reputation for his daring and brilliant seamanship against the French Navy. Cochrane came into
conflict with the authorities when they refused to support his campaign against corruption in the
navy. The naval authorities were furious with Cochrane and he was demoted. Aware that he had lost
the opportunity of advancing his naval career, Cochrane concentrated his efforts on campaigning for
parliamentary reform. In 1831 he became the tenth Earl of Dundonald and was also reinstated as a
Rear Admiral in the Royal Navy. Thomas Cochrane, Earl of Dundonald, died on 31st October 1860.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRcochrane.htm
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Henry Hetherington
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRhetherington.htm
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Charles Fox
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRfox.htm
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Richard Sheridan
Abstract: Born in Dublin in 1751, his parents moved to London and in 1762 he was sent to Harrow
School. After six years at Harrow he went to live with his father in Bath. He began writing plays
and on in 1775, the Covent Garden Theatre produced his comedy, The Rivals. After a poor reception
it was withdrawn though a revised version appeared soon after and it eventually become one of
Britain's most popular comedies. In 1780, he became MP for Stafford and in 1782 the Marquis of
Rockingham appointed him under secretary for Foreign Affairs. Sheridan opposed the Act of Union
with Ireland and lost office when Henry Addington replaced William Pitt as Prime Minister. After
several years in debtor's prison he died in poverty in 1816.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRsheridan.htm
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William Cobbett
Radical journalist and publisher of the Political Register, the main newspaper read by the working
class. After the passing of the 1832 Reform Act he was able to win the parliamentary seat of Oldham
in the House of Commons where he concentrated his energies on attacking corruption in government.
(1763-1835)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRcobbett.htm
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Francis Place
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/CHplace.htm
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Major John Cartwright
Author of Take Your Choice, a book which argued the case for parliamentary reform including:
manhood suffrage, the secret ballot, annual elections and equal electoral districts. (1740-1824)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRcartwright.htm
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Josiah Wedgwood
Political reformer who supported universal male suffrage and annual parliaments. Helped to form
the Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade. (1730-1795)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REwedgwood.htm
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James Martineau
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REmartineau.htm
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Richard Price
Abstract: Born in Tynton, Glamorgan in 1723, the son of a Congregational minister, rejected his
father's religious opinions and instead was attracted to the views of more liberal theologians.
After attending a Dissenting Academy in London and he became a chaplain in Stoke Newington. In 1758
he wrote the influential Review of the Principal Questions of Morals and several other books
followed. He was attracted to the ideas of Jeremy Bentham and accepted many aspects unitarianism,
but was unwilling to question the divinity of Christ. He died in 1791 and his funeral sermon was
preached by Joseph Priestly.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRprice.htm
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Jeremy Bentham
Philosopher, legal theorist and reformer, and political radical. Argued in favor of universal
suffrage, annual parliaments and vote by ballot in his book, Constitutional Code. Includes
excerpts. (1748-1832)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRbentham.htm
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William Pitt
A moderate reformer, he grew up with a strong interest in politics, served in the House of Commons
and argued that parliamentary reform was necessary for the preservation of liberty. Was prime
minister from 1783-1801 and 1804-1806. (1759-1806)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRpitt.htm
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Duke of Richmond
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRrichmond.htm
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John Wilkes
Elected MP for Aylesbury. Established The North Briton, a newspaper that severely attacked the
king and his Prime Minister. Campaigned for religious toleration and introduced the first motion
for parliamentary reform. (1725-1797)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRwilkes.htm
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Joseph Priestley
Clergyman and moderate reformer who advanced liberal political and religious thought in 18th
century England. (1733-1804)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRpriestley.htm
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