| Directory > Reference > Encyclopedias > Subject Encyclopedias > Spartacus Educational > Religion and Society Age of Consent
Describes how this was gradually raised from twelve to sixteen through the efforts of campaigners
against slavery and prostitution in England.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REage.htm
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White Slave Trade
Term first used in the 1830s and referred to female prostitution.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REwhite.htm
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Labour Church
Founded by John Trevor, a former Unitarian minister in 1891. The normal service was Hymn, Reading,
Prayer, Choir, Notices and Collection, Hymn, Address, Hymn, and Benediction. Most were
involved in charity work. Ceased to exist by World War I.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RElabour.htm
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Temperance Society
Formed in 1835 and soon advocated teetotalism. One important figure in the movement was the
Catholic priest, Theobald Matthew, who persuaded thousands of people in Ireland to sign the pledge.
Quakers, members of the Salvation Army and nonconformists were also active participants.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REtemperance.htm
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Band of Hope
Describes the establishment of this temperance organisation for working-class children in the
mid-nineteenth century.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REhope.htm
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Clapham Sect
This Anglican Evangelical group included two of the leading figures against the slave-trade.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REclapham.htm
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Missionary Societies
Established at the beginning of the 18th century. Includes brief history.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REmissionary.htm
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Catholic Emancipation
Presents details of attempts made to obtain full political and civil liberties for British and
Irish Roman Catholics.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRcatholic.htm
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Religious Tract Society
Founded in 1799 for the publication and dissemination of Christian literature.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REtract.htm
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British and Foreign Bible Society
Outlines how this group produced biblical texts in 700 languages and dialects and distributed
copies of the Bible worldwide.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REbible.htm
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Anti-Slavery Society
Formed in 1787 and comprised initially of Anglicans and Quakers, it was disbanded after the
Abolition of Slavery Act was passed in 1833.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REantislavery.htm
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William Stead
Strict Puritan who favoured social reform. Editor of the Northern Echo, the most influential voice
of Nonconformity in the North of England. Advocated old age pensions and supported the charity
work of the Salvation Army. (1849-1912)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Jstead.htm
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Edward Steer
Details the career of this Nonconformist who founded a newspaper in East Grinstead and campaigned
for improved workhouse conditions, a public park and street lighting.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/SUsteer.htm
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Joseph Rayner Stephens
Preacher and missionary. Ordained as a Methodist minister. Appointed minister of the Wesleyan
Church in Cheltenham but in 1834 was expelled from his post for advocating the separation of church
and state. Includes excerpts from newspaper articles. (1805-1879)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRstephens.htm
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Henry Scott Holland
Describes his career from canon at St. Paul's Cathedral to Regius Professor of Divinity at Oxford
University, including details of his published works.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REholland.htm
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Catherine Booth
Describes the life of one of the founders of the Salvation Army and a lifelong campaigner for
women's rights and social justice.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Wbooth.htm
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Thomas Barnardo
Converted to Evangelical Christianity in 1862. Involved in missionary work. Addressed the
problems of homeless children and established fifty orphanages. Was also active in the Temperance
Society. (1845-1905)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REbarnardo.htm
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Granville Sharp
Explains how he published anti-slavery pamphlets in the late eighteenth century, and subsequently
founded the Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REsharp.htm
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William Wilberforce
Former Methodist who became converted to Evangelical Christianity. Joined the Clapham Set, a group
of evangelical members of the Anglican Church, centered around John Venn, rector of Clapham Church
in London. (1759-1833)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REwilberforce.htm
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John Howard
Devout Congregationalist. Accepted the post to become High Sheriff of Bedford as he saw it as a
way to serve God. (1726-1790)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REhoward.htm
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Donald Soper
Describes his lifelong campaign against capitalism, the arms trade, blood sports, child labor and
inadequate state help for the poor.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUsoper.htm
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Philip Snowden
Strict Methodist who joined the Temperance Society. Wrote a great deal about his views on
Christian Socialism, the Temperance Movement and economics issues in The Socialist's Budget, Old
Age Pensions, Socialism and the Drink Question, Socialism and Teetotalism and the Living Wage.
(1864-1937)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REsnowden.htm
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Katharine Glasier
A Christian Socialist who once said that to her, "socialism was the economic expression of
Christianity". Member of the Society of Friends. (1867-1950)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Wglasier.htm
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Rachel McMillan
Active participant in Christian Socialist meetings, the the Fabian Society and the Labour Church.
(1859-1917)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/WmcmillanR.htm
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George Lansbury
Outlines the career of this social reformer who campaigned against poverty and for women's
suffrage. A lifelong pacifist, he also defended conscientious objectors during World War I.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRlansbury.htm
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Margaret McMillan
Active with her sister, Rachel, in Christian Socialist meetings, the Fabian Society and the Labour
Church. (1860-1931)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Wmcmillan.htm
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Tom Mann
Considered joining the Nonconformist and Quaker groups before becoming a teacher at the local
Anglican Sunday School. Member of the Fabian Society and the Battersea branch of the Social
Democratic Federation. Leading trade unionist and advocated the eight-hour day. (1856-1941)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REmann.htm
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Stewart Headlam
Ordained and appointed curate of St. John's Church in Drury Lane. Wrote the Fabian pamphlet
Christian Socialism, where he declared that his main objective was not to convert socialists to
Christianity, but to make socialists out of Christians.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REheadlam.htm
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James Keir Hardie
Raised as an atheist, but converted to Christianity in 1897. Lay preacher for the Evangelical Union
Church and also active in the Temperance Society. (1856-1915)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRhardie.htm
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Thomas Hughes
Novelist, reformist and jurist. Helped form the Christian Socialist movement. Author of Tom
Brown's Schooldays. Includes short biography and photo. (1822-1896)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REhughes.htm
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John Bright
Quaker, who was opposed to the aggressive foreign policy of Lord Palmerston and campaigned against
the Crimean War. He was also totally opposed to slavery and a supporter of Abraham Lincoln.
(1811-1889)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRbright.htm
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Anne Knight
Describes her involvement in the Quaker movement and its attempts to end slavery in the United
Kingdom in 1830.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Wknight.htm
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Joseph Pease
Became Britain's first Quaker MP when he was elected to represent South Durham. Refused to take the
Church of England oath and was allowed to affirm. (1799-1872)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REpease.htm
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Mary Lloyd
Was a traveling minister for the Society of Friends, an active member of the Temperance Society.
Set up a Provident Society to encourage the poor to save for the future. (1795-1865)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RElloyd.htm
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Elizabeth Heyrick
Describes the life of a social reformer in the early eighteenth century, including a list of the
causes she supported, such as the anti-slavery movement.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REheyrick.htm
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Thomas Fowell Buxton
Member of the Society of Friends and became involved in the Quaker campaign for social reform.
Elected to the House of Commons and worked for changes in the criminal law, prison reform and the
abolition of the slave trade. (1786-1845)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REfowell.htm
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Joseph Lancaster
Was a member of the Society of Friends. Opened a small school and introduced the monitorial
system. As a Quaker he was unwilling to inflict physical pain on his pupils. In 1803 he published
his first pamphlet, Improvements in Education, which explained the teaching methods that he used at
the school. (1778-1838)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RElancaster.htm
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Elizabeth Fry
Details her lifelong public campaign to improve conditions in prisons in the early nineteenth
century.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REfry.htm
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Charles Booth
Details the efforts of this early socialist to investigate the incidence of pauperism in London,
and how he subsequently proposed the Old Age Pension.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PHbooth.htm
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Edwin Chadwick
Outlines the career of this nineteenth century lawyer who campaigned for public health and
published a report showing that disease was directly related to living conditions.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PHchadwick.htm
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Florence Nightingale
Details of the career of this pioneering nurse who campaigned for improved conditions in military
hospitals in Britain and abroad.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REnightingale.htm
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William Gaskell
Preacher for the British and Foreign Unitarian Association and in 1876 became principal of the
Unitarian Missionary Board. Wrote several pamphlets and hymns. (1805-1884)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REgaskell.htm
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Harriet Martineau
Follows the career of this journalist and author who wrote in favour of women's rights and
education. Includes a list of her published works.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Wmartineau.htm
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James Martineau
Ordained in the Unitarian ministry and served as a minister in Dublin and Liverpool. Became a
leading religious philosopher after the publication of Endeavours After the Christian Life.
(1805-1900)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REmartineau.htm
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John Cam Hobhouse
Staunch Unitarian and was a strong supporter of religious freedom. Attended the Unitarian grammar
school in Bristol and Westminster School. Elected to the House of Commons and became the leading
advocate of parliamentary reform and factory legislation. (1786-1859)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRhobhouse.htm
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Thomas Fyshe Palmer
Helped form Unitarian groups and played an active role in the campaign in Scotland for religious
toleration. He also wrote and published pamphlets on his religious views. (1747-1802)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRpalmer.htm
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Joseph Priestley
Presbyterian minister, scientist and metaphysician. Wrote several books on Unitarianism and
established the first Unitarian Church in America. (1733-1804)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRpriestley.htm
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Congregationalists
This group believed that each congregation had the right and duty to make decisions independent of
any higher authority, and shared the outlook of the evangelical movement.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REcongregationalists.htm
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Richard Price
Wrote the Review of the Principal Questions of Morals. Stated that individual conscience and
reason should be used when making moral choices. He also rejected the traditional Christian ideas
of original sin and eternal punishment. (1723-1791)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRprice.htm
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Jewish Community
With passage of Catholic Emancipation Act of 1829, members did not possess full civil and political
rights. Barred from the House of Commons and House of Lords. Gives brief details about several of
their leaders.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REjewish.htm
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Baptists
Outlines the development of this church from 1609 to the beginning of the twentieth century.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REbaptists.htm
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Evangelical Movement
Descirbes its gradual incorporation into the Anglican Church, and its association with the
Anti-Slavery movement and the Temperance Society.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REevangelical.htm
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Christian Socialism
Describes the development of the belief that profit sharing would improve the status of the working
classes and produce a just, Christian society.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REsocialism.htm
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Unitarian Society
Established in 1791. Very active in the movements for factory reform, public health, prison reform,
temperance, women's rights and the abolition of slavery in the 19th century.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRunitarian.htm
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Primitive Methodists
Led by Hugh Bourne, after he was expelled from the Methodist movement in 1808. Membership
continued to grow and by 1875 had reached 165,410. Unlike the Wesleyan Methodists, encouraged women
evangelists.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REprimitive.htm
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Salvation Army
Organized in 1865 by William Booth, a Methodist preacher and orginally called the Christian
Mission. Fed and housed the poor. Reorganized in 1878 along military lines, with the preachers
known as officers and Booth as the general. Gave women equal responsibility with men for preaching
and welfare work.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REsalvation.htm
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Society of Friends
Group formed by George Fox and originally known as the Friends of Truth. Central dogma was that of
the inner light, communicated directly to the individual soul by Christ. Eventually became known
as Quakers.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REquakers.htm
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Wesleyan Methodists
Led by John Wesley, who built first Methodist chapel in Bristol in 1739. Members were active in
the campaign for religious emancipation. Victories included the repeal of the Test and Corporation
Acts, the voluntarization of the church rate, and the Universities Tests Act which opened Oxford
and Cambridge to non-Anglicans.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REmethodism.htm
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Roman Catholic Church
Part of the Christian Church ruled by the Bishop of Rome (the Pope). In the early Church the
papacy exercised authority over all Christians. Includes brief summary of the church in England
through the 19th century.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REcatholic.htm
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Church of Scotland
Explains how this was the only ecclesiastical body established by law in that country.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REscotland.htm
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Church of England
Explains how this church was the principal religious organisation in Britain in the nineteenth
century.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REengland.htm
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Hugh Bourne
Primitive Baptist preacher and built his first chapel in 1811. Worked as a missionary in Scotland,
Ireland and the USA and wrote History of the Primitive Methodists. (1752-1852)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REbourne.htm
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John Clifford
Entered the Midland Baptist College at Leicester and became the minister at the Praed Street
Baptist Church in London. Emerged as the leader of the Baptist Church in England. Supported
disestablishment of the Church of England. (1836-1923)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REclifford.htm
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Frederick Denison Maurice
Explains his belief that politics and religion are inseparable, and how he later joined with
Charles Kingsley and Thomas Hughes to form the Christian Socialist movement.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REmaurice.htm
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Charles Haddon Spurgeon
Outlines the life of this Baptist who became a well-known preacher and author in the mid-nineteenth
century.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REspurgeon.htm
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Nathan Adler
Born in Hanover, Germany. Chief rabbi of Oldenburg in 1829 and of Hanover in 1830. Moved to
England and was appointed as rabbi of the united congregations of the British Empire. (1803-1890)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REadler.htm
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William Booth
Founded the Whitechapel Christian Mission in London's East End to help feed and house the poor.
The mission was reorganized in 1878 along military lines, with the preachers known as officers and
Booth as the general. Became known as the Salvation Army. (1829-1912)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REbooth.htm
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John Wesley
Leader of the Methodist Church. Traveled through England and preached in poor neighborhoods.
Wrote collections of psalms, hymns and sermons. He also founded and edited the Methodist Magazine.
(1703-1791)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REwesley.htm
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George Fox
Explains how he formed the Society of Friends and subsequently founded the American Quaker Colony
of Pennsylvania.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REfox.htm
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Cyrus Clark
A Quaker and member of the Temperance Society who founded an international shoe-making business.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/BUclark.htm
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Thomas Cook
Joined the Temperance Society, campaigned against the consumption of alcohol and published Baptist
and Temperance pamphlets. Started his own business running rail excursions, which later included
worldwide travel. (1808-1892)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/BUcook.htm
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Josiah Wedgwood
Unitarian and political reformer and also concerned with social reform. Helped to form the Society
for the Abolition of the Slave Trade. (1730-1795)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REwedgwood.htm
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George Cadbury
In addition to founding the chocolate company, this social reformer and pacifist introduced a range
of benefits and services for his workers and donated much of his wealth to charitable causes.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REcadbury.htm
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Joseph Rowntree
Served on the committee responsible for two Quaker schools in York and taught in an Adult School on
Sunday. Long time active member of the Temperance Society and wrote several books and pamphlets
on the subject. (1834-1925)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RErowntreeJ.htm
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Arthur Liberty
Outlines the career of this draper's son who established the stores through which his name became
associated with particular fabrics and style.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/BUliberty.htm
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Charles Harrod
Outlines the life of this grocer who went on to establish the famous London department store.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/BUharrod.htm
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Jessie Boot
Devout Methodist who was deeply concerned about poverty. Involved in charity work and gave an
estimated over £2 million to the people of Nottingham. (1850-1931)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/BUboot.htm
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Nonconformists
Refers to Protestants who were not members of the Church of England. Included Wesleyan Methodists,
Primitive Methodists, Quakers, Baptists, Unitarians, Congregationalists, and members of the
Salvation Army.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REnonconformists.htm
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John Edward Taylor
Unitarian minister in Ilminster but became a Quaker and opened a school in Bristol. Advocate of
parliamentary reform. (1791-1844)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRtaylor.htm
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Archibald Prentice
Outlines the career of one of the journalists who reported on the Peterloo Massacre in 1819,
including his lifelong advocacy of parliamentary reform, religious tolerance and free trade.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRprentice.htm
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Edward Baines
Explains how this journalist was opposed to factory legislation and wrote a book attacking those
who had campaigned against child labour.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRbaines.htm
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John Cleave
Worked with Henry Hetherington in the Civil and Religious Association. Started newspaper and
campaigned for political reform. (1790-1847)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/CHcleave.htm
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Joseph Gurney
Minister for the Society of Friends. Played an active role in the prison reform movement and
joined in the struggle against anti-slave trade. Wrote several books on religion and morality
including: Essays on the Evidence, Doctrines and Practical Operation of Christianity, The Moral
Character of Jesus Christ, and Religion and the New Testament. (1788-1847)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RAgurney.htm
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Edward Pease
Member of the Society of Friends that supported the Anti-Slavery movement.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/RApease.htm
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John Fielden
Founder member of the Todmorden Unitarian Society, a religious group active in the social reform
movement. Funded the building of the Unitarian Chapel and established and taught at the Unitarian
School in the village. Includes excerpts from his writings. (1784-1849)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRfielden.htm
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Henry Hetherington
Describes his public opposition to child labor, the 1834 Poor Law and political corruption.
Includes excerpts from his published works.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/IRhetherington.htm
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