| Directory > Society > Philosophy > Reference > Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Hobbes, Thomas
17th century British philosopher. Author of Leviathan (1651).
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/hobmoral.htm
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Rights, Human
A treatment of the origins and development of the theory of human rights, with philosophical
analysis, justifications, and criticisms.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/hum-rts.htm
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Stoic Philosophy of Mind
Description of the philosophy of Mind of the Stoics, including the relationship between mind and
body, perception, action-theory, and emotion.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/stoicmind1.htm
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Plato
Biography and description of the philosophy of Plato.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/plato.htm
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God, Western Concepts of
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy article on God from Socrates to Nietzsche.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/g/god-west.htm
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Truth
Philosophical theories on the nature of truth, by Bradley Dowden and Norman Swartz.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/truth.htm
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Russell's Paradox
Examines self-referential linguistics used to describe properties and sets.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/par-russ.htm
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Animals and Ethics
Consideration of moral status of non-human animals.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/anim-eth.htm
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Cyrenaics
Description of the Cyrenaic school of philosophy, which flourished from the 5th-3rd centuries BCE.
The Cyrenaics were skeptics and hedonists.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/c/cyren.htm
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Aristippus
Description of the life and teachings of the philosopher Aristippus, founder of the Cyrenaic school
of philosophy.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/aristip.htm
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Hume, David
Enormously influential 18th century Scottish philosopher. Author of Treatise of Human Nature
(1739-1740).
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/humelife.htm
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Zeno of Elea
5th century BCE Eleatic philosopher.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/z/zenoelea.htm
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Xenophon
Pupil of Socrates, who contributed to the record of his life.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/x/xenophon.htm
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Xenophanes
Eleatic school, powerful 6th century BCE critic of polytheism.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/x/x-phanes.htm
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Wittgenstein, Ludwig
Detailed essay on the life and work of the 20th century philosopher.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/w/wittgens.htm
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Warburton, William
18th century Church of England bishop, and critic of the Deists.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/w/warburto.htm
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Voluntarism
Theory that God or the ultimate nature of reality is conceived as some form of will.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/v/voluntar.htm
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Virtue Theory
View that morality is the development of or virtues.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/v/virtue.htm
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Vienna Circle
Organised the development of logical postivism in the 1920s. Included Carnap, Feigl, Frank, Gödel,
Hahn, Kraft, Neurath, Waismann. Popper and Wittgenstein also had association with the Vienna
Circle.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/v/viennaci.htm
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Universals
The traditional problem of universals is whether and how they are independent of human perception.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/u/universa.htm
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Tragedy
A term used in aesthetics to describe a situation where elements of pain and pleasure exist
simultaneously.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/tragedy.htm
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Totem
A term, derived from Native American, used in philosophy to describe one of a class of objects
which a community regards with respect.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/totem.htm
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Timon
3rd century BCE disciple of Pyrrho.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/timon.htm
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Time
Long article about questions of time discussed throughout the history of philosophy.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/time.htm
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Theosophy
Detailed article on the religious, philosophic, and scientific theory of one eternal, immutable,
principle, being the root of all manifestation.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/theosoph.htm
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Theophrastus
Philosopher of the Peripatetic school, successor to Aristotle at the Lyceum.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/theophra.htm
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Thales
Detailed biographical essay on the Ancient Greek philosopher.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/thales.htm
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Temperance
Moderation, advocated by much of Ancient Greek and Scholastic philosophy.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/temperan.htm
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Taste
Critical discernment of objects of aesthetic experience.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/t/taste.htm
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Synderesis
Scholastic philosophy describes this as the principle in moral consciousness which directs an agent
to good.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/synderes.htm
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Symposium
Drinking-parties in Ancient Greece where the guests reclined on couches, and were crowned with
garlands of flowers.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/symposiu.htm
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Supererogation
An action which goes beyond what is morally required.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/superero.htm
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Suicide
Discussion of the applied ethical issue of suicide.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/suicide.htm
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Sublime
Aesthetic value with the suggestion of transcendent vastness or greatness.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/sublime.htm
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Stoicism
Description of the system of ethics, popular in Ancient Greece, which has physics as its
foundation.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/stoicism.htm
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Stirling, James Hutchison
19th century British Idealist, Hegelian academic.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/stirling.htm
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Stilpo
4th century BCE member of the Megarean school.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/stilpo.htm
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Stephen, Leslie
19th century British academic.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/stephen.htm
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Spinoza, Benedict
17th century pantheist, critic of Descartes.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/spinoza.htm
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Sophists
Teachers of philosophy in Ancient Greece, including Protagoras, Gorgias, Prodicus and Hippias.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/sophists.htm
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Solovyov, Vladimir
19th century Russian philosopher.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/solovyov.htm
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Social Contract
View that morality is based on social agreements that serve the interests of those who make the
agreement.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/soc-cont.htm
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Skepticism, Modern
Review of the modern era in skepticism.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/skepmod.htm
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Skepticism, Contemporary
Introduction to the current discussion of skepticism.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/skepcont.htm
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Skepticism, Ancient Greek
A description of skepticism in Ancient Greece, led by Pyrrho.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/skepanci.htm
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Shpet, Gustav
Leading proponent of Russian transcendental phenomenology.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/shpet.htm
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Shaftesbury, Earl of
Patron of John Locke
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/shaftes.htm
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Rule Utilitarianism
Utilitarianism when applied to a behavioral code or rule. A rule is right if its consequences are
more favorable than unfavorable.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/r/ruleutil.htm
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Rousseau, Jean Jacques
18th century French author of the Social Contract, influential during the French Revolution.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/r/rousseau.htm
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Roman Philosophy
Short introduction to Roman philosophy from the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/r/romanphi.htm
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Renaissance
Brief article on the transition between middle ages and modernity.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/r/renaiss.htm
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Reichenbach, Hans
Leading German philosopher of science, and logical positivist.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/r/reichenb.htm
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Rationalism, Continental
17th century philosophical movement. Rival to British Empiricism.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/r/rat-cont.htm
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Pythagoras
The 6th century BCE philosopher.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/pythagor.htm
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Pyrrho
4th century BCE founder of the Greek school of skepticism.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/pyrrho.htm
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Pufendorf, Samuel von
17th century Lutheran clergyman.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/pufendor.htm
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Protagoras
Early Greek sophist.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/protagor.htm
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Prodicus
5th century BCE sophist, possibly a mentor of Socrates
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/prodicus.htm
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Prima Facie Duties
Moral obligations which are binding only until a stronger one emerges.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/primafac.htm
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Poincaré, Jules Henri
19th century French philosopher of science.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/poincare.htm
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Pluralism
Theory that reality consists of a multiplicity of fundamentally distinct entities.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/pluralis.htm
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Plotinus
3rd century CE founder of Neo-Platonism.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/plotinus.htm
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Peripatetics
Brief history of the Peripatetic doctrines.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/peripati.htm
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Parmenides
Greek philosopher and poet.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/parmenid.htm
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Paley, William
18th century British theologian.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/paley.htm
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Paine, Thomas
18th century British political writer.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/p/paine.htm
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Solipsism
The doctrine of the solipsist is that existence means my existence and that of my mental states.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/s/solipsis.htm
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Origen
Father of the early Church, born around 182.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/o/origen.htm
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Ordinary Language
Ordinary language philosophy examines the way common language is used.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/o/ordlang.htm
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Ockham, William of
Detailed biography of the 14th century Franciscan.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/o/ockham.htm
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Neoplatonism
The revival of Greek philosophy in 3rd century BCE, led by Plotinus and his disciple, Porphyry.
Influenced by both Pythagoras and Plato.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/n/neoplato.htm
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Naturalistic Fallacy
Moore's theory that "goodness" is an individual property which cannot be explained in
terms of anything more basic.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/n/nfallacy.htm
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Natural Theology
Used in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to describe knowledge of God drawn from nature.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/n/nattheol.htm
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Natural Law
Standards that govern human behavior objectively derived from the nature of human beings.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/n/natlaw.htm
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Morality and Religion
Brief article describing the influence of religion on moral philosophy.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/mor-rel.htm
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Moral Skepticism
The theory, supported by J.L. Mackie in Ethics: Inventing Right and Wrong, that belief in objective
moral principles cannot be justified.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/m-skepti.htm
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Moral Luck
Andrew Latus, St. Francis Xavier University, summarizes the discussion between Thomas Nagel and
Bernard Williams on the question: Can luck ever make a moral difference?
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/moralluc.htm
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Moral Dilemmas
Situation where only two courses of action are available, each requiring a morally impermissible
action.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/m-dilemm.htm
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Monism
Originally described idealists and materialists. Now the term is used for all philosophers who have
a unifying theory. Those who are not monists are either dualist or pluralist.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/monism.htm
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Mill, John Stuart
19th leader and prophet of utilitarianism, heir to the Hume-Bentham line, and influential force in
modern political theory. Author of On Liberty (1859), and Utilitarianism (1863).
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/milljs.htm
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Menippus
Third century BCE Greek philosopher and satirist.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/menippus.htm
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Malebranche, Nicholas
17th century Cartesian philosopher. Author of The Search After Truth (1674-1675).
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/malebran.htm
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Machiavelli, Nicolo
Renaissance philosopher who remains controversial for his practical solutions to problems of how to
retain political authority.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/m/machiave.htm
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Lucretius
Roman poet and advocate of Epicurean philosophy.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/lucretiu.htm
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Lotze, Rudolf Hermann
19th century German philosopher who criticised the pantheism of Hegel.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/lotze.htm
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Lombard, Peter
French scholastic theologian of the 12th century, influenced by Abelard.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/lombard.htm
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Locke, John
Article on the life and work of the influential philosopher.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/locke.htm
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Libraries, Ancient Greek and Roman
Describing the public libraries of Ancient Greece, and the fashion for book-collecting in Rome.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/library.htm
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Leucippus
5th century BCE founder of atomism.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/leucippu.htm
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Positivism, Legal
Theory that law is manufactured according to certain social conventions.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/legalpos.htm
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Just War Theory
Some of those who have attempted to justify war include Aquinas, Grotius, and Pufendorf.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/j/justwar.htm
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Jacobi, Friedrich Heinrich
18th century German philosopher, famous for effective criticism of Kant.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/j/jacobi.htm
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Interventionism
Examines the nature and justifications of interfering with another polity or choices made by
individuals.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/i/interven.htm
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Identity Theory
Form of monistic materialism which maintains that mental states and brain activities are identical.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/i/identity.htm
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Huxley, Thomas Henry
19th century zoologist and advocate of Darwinism.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/huxley.htm
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Husserl, Edmund
Leader of the German phenomenological movement.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/husserl.htm
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Positivism, Logical
Schlick, Carnap, Reichenbach, and others made up the Austrian school of philosophy in the 1920s,
which has been influential in analysis of scientific thought.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/l/logpos.htm
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Humanism
Brief article on Erasmus and the Italian humanist movement.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/humanism.htm
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Hodgson, Shadworth
Follower of Kant, founder of the Aristotelian Society.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/hodgson.htm
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Hippias
Hippias was a sophist, a contemporary of Socrates, and an enthusiast for universality.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/hippias.htm
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Herbert of Cherbury, Edward
17th century historian, poet (brother of George), and philosopher. Sought to determine the nature
and standard of truth, and conditions of knowledge. Precursor of the philosophy of Common Sense.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/herbert.htm
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Heraclitus
5th century BCE. Presocratic Greek philosopher.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/heraclit.htm
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Hempel, Carl Gustav
A leading member of logical positivism, the German philosopher died in 1997.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/hempel.htm
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Helvetius, Claude Adrien
One of the 18th century Encyclopedists who held the skeptical and materialistic views common to
that school of philosophy.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/helvetiu.htm
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Hegelians, St. Louis
19th century group of amateur American philosophers founded and led by William Torrey Harris.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/hstlouis.htm
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Hedonism
The view, first put forward by Epicurus, that our fundamental moral obligation is to maximize
pleasure.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/hedonism.htm
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Hartmann, Karl Robert Eduard Von
19th century German philosopher who attempted to combine the idea of Hegel with the will of
Schopenhauer in 'spiritual monism.'
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/hartmann.htm
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Hamilton, William
19th century exponent of the Scottish common-sense philosophy.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/h/hamilton.htm
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Greek Philosophy
The philosophical currents of Ancient Greek philosophy are introduced, from the Presocratic
philosophers through to Proclus.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/g/greekphi.htm
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Gorgias
Greek sophist and rhetorician, known as "the Nihilist," born in 483 BCE.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/g/gorgias.htm
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German Idealism
The German reaction to empiricism, including related theories of Kant, Fichte, Hegel and others.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/g/germidea.htm
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Galileo
Italian physicist and astronomer, born 1564.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/g/galileo.htm
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Functionalism
Theory in the philosophy of mind which holds that mental states are functional states.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/f/function.htm
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Freud, Sigmund
Lenghty article on the father of psychoanalysis who is generally recognised as one of the most
influential and authoritative thinkers of the twentieth century.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/f/freud.htm
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Fichte, Johann Gottlieb
One of the major figures in German philosophy in the period between Kant and Hegel.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/f/fichtejg.htm
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Fichte, Immanuel Hermann
Aimed to secure a philosophical basis for the personality of God.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/f/fichteih.htm
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Ferrier, James Frederick
The earliest absolute idealist in English philosophy.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/f/ferrier.htm
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Evolution
Introduces evolution through the ages, from the ancient Greeks, through Leibniz and Descartes to
Darwin and Spencer.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/evolutio.htm
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Euthanasia
Contemporary applied ethical issue considering whether it is morally permissible for a third party
to end the life of a terminally ill patient who is in intense pain.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/euthanas.htm
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Euclides
4th century BCE native of Megara, and founder of the Megarian or Eristic sect.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/euclides.htm
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Moral Philosophy
Introduction to ethics, with links to other articles at the IEP.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/ethics.htm
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Erasmus
15th century Dutch humanist and theologian.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/erasmus.htm
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Epicurus
4th century BCE materialist, empiricist, and hedonist. One of the major philosophers of the
Hellenistic period.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/epicur.htm
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Epictetus
Eminent Stoic philosopher, born as a slave at Hieropolis in Phyrgia in 55 CE.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/epictetu.htm
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Encyclopedists
Group of French philosophers and men of letters who collaborated in the production of the famous
Encyclopedie.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/encylop.htm
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Empiricism, British
18th century British philosophical movement which maintained that all knowledge comes from
experience.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/emp-brit.htm
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Empedocles
5th century BCE philosopher who combined medical study with Orphic mysticism.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/empedocl.htm
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Emanation
The theory that all derived or secondary things flow from the primary.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/emanatio.htm
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Egoism, Psychological and Ethical
Maintains that the individual self is the motivating moral force and the end of moral action.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/egoism.htm
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Eclecticism
Group of ancient philosophers who sought to reach by selection the highest degree of probability in
the search for truth.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/eclectic.htm
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Eckhart, Meister
13th century Dominican mystic who was almost forgotten until Franz von Baader revived his memory in
the nineteenth century.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/e/eckhart.htm
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Duties and Deontological Ethics
Deontological theories are based on moral obligation that an agent has towards another person.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/d/duties.htm
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Diogenes of Sinope
4th cn. BCE cynic philosopher of Sinope.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/d/diogsino.htm
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Diogenes of Apollonia
Pupil of Anaximenes and contemporary of Anaxagoras in the 6th cn. BCE.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/d/diogapol.htm
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Diogenes Laertius
3rd century biographer of ancient Greek philosophers.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/d/dioglaer.htm
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Diderot, Denis
The most prominent of the French Encyclopedists and one of the leaders of the Enlightenment.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/d/diderot.htm
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Dewey, John
Leading light of the 20th century American school of thought known as pragmatism.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/d/dewey.htm
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Descartes, René
Early modern philosopher who rejected religious authority in the quest for scientific and
philosophical knowledge.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/d/descarte.htm
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Demonax
Philosopher of the second century CE. who tried to revive the philosophy of the Cynic School.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/d/demonax.htm
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Democritus
4th century BCE philosopher of Abdera who expanded the atomic theory of Leucippus.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/d/democrit.htm
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Deism, French
The deism of Voltaire and Rousseau.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/d/deismfre.htm
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Deism, English
Explores the deism of Hobbes, Locke, Tindal, and the influence of Hume.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/d/deismeng.htm
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Davidson, Donald
Introduction to one of the most significant philosophers concerned with philosophy of mind and
action of the 20th/21st century.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/d/davidson.htm
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Damon
5th century BCE Pythagorean philosopher of Syracuse.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/d/damon.htm
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Cumberland, Richard
17th century critic of Hobbes and the neo-Platonists.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/c/cumberla.htm
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Cudworth, Ralph
17th century 'Cambridge Platonist' who fought for preservation of religious ideals, including
divine illumination.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/c/cudwor.htm
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Cleanthes
Stoic philosopher of Assus in Lydia, disciple of Zeno of Citium.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/c/cleanthe.htm
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Cicero, Marcus Tullius
1st century BCE Roman orator and philosopher of the New Academy.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/c/cicero.htm
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Chrysippus
Prolific stoic of Soli, and disciple of Cleanthes.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/c/chrysipp.htm
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Chinese Room Argument
John Searle's thought experiment is one of the best known counters to claims of artificial
intelligence.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/c/chineser.htm
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Category
Used to describe fundamental divisions, was coined by Aristotle then explored by Kant, Hegel,
Pierce, Whitehead, and Ryle.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/c/category.htm
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Carnap, Rudolf
Extensive article about his life and work, by Mauro Murzi.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/c/carnap.htm
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Capital Punishment
The issue of capital punishment involves determining whether the execution of criminals is ever
justified.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/c/capitalp.htm
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Caird, Edward
Nineteenth century Scottish philosopher who was one of the key figures of the idealist movement
that dominated British philosophy from 1870 until the mid 1920s.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/c/caird.htm
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Butler, Joseph
18th century icon of a highly intellectualized theology.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/b/butler.htm
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Bolingbroke, Henry St. John
18th century Tory disciple of Locke.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/b/bolingbr.htm
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Berlin Circle
Group of academics who gathered round Hans Reichenbach in late 1920s and later joined up with the
Vienna Circle.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/b/berlinci.htm
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Berkeley, George
Influential 18th century Irish philosopher.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/b/berkeley.htm
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Bentham, Jeremy
Extensive article on the 18th century 'founder' of utilitarianism.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/b/bentham.htm
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Behaviorism
Theory in philosophy of mind which maintains that talk of mental events should be translated into
talk about observable behavior.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/b/behavior.htm
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Beccaria, Cesare
18th century aristocrat whose work 'On Crimes and Punishments (1764)' inspired reform in the
Italian criminal justice system.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/b/beccaria.htm
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Bakhtin Circle
School of Russian thought centered on the work of Bakhtin which focused on questions of
signification in artistic creation.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/b/bakhtin.htm
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Bacon, Francis
16th century philosopher and politician.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/b/bacon.htm
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Augustine
Extensive article on the life and work of the 4th century ecclesiastical author.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/augustin.htm
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Artificial Intelligence
Describing the view that human cognitive mental states can be duplicated in computers.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/artintel.htm
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Aristotle
The life and work of the 4th century BCE Greek philosopher.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/aristotl.htm
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Aquinas, Thomas
The life and work of the major figure in scholastic philosophy.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/aquinas.htm
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Antisthenes
Athenian philosopher and founder of the Cynic sect who was born around 440 BCE.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/antisthe.htm
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Anselm
11th century English prelate who developed views of atonement and satisfaction which are still held
by orthodox theologians.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/anselm.htm
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Anaximenes
5th century BCE Greek philosopher of Miletus who regarded 'air' as the primary form of body.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/anaximen.htm
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Anaximander
Greek philosopher of Miletus, born 611 BCE who thought it unnecessary to fix upon air, water, or
fire as the original and primary form of body.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/anaximan.htm
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Anaxarchus
4th century BCE philosopher of Abdera, from the school of Democritus.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/anaxarch.htm
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Anaxagoras
Greek philosopher born about 500 BCE, responsible for giving philosophy a home at Athens and the
first philosopher to introduce a spiritual principle which gives matter life and form.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/anaxagor.htm
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Affection
In the history of ethics, the term referred to a subset of emotions less violent and less sensuous
than "passions".
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/affection.htm
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Aenesidemus
Biography of the 1st century philosopher who defended the ten tropes of skepticism.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/aeneside.htm
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Active Powers
The capacities of impulse and desire which lead to or determine human action, as described by 18th
and 19th century Scottish common sense philosophy.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/activepo.htm
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Academy
Description of the philosophical institution founded by Plato, which advocated skepticism in
succeeding generations.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/a/academy.htm
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The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
Free online encyclopedia. Edited by James Fieser, hosted by the University of Tennessee at Martin.
http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/
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