| Directory > Society > Philosophy > Reference > Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Hilbert's Program
In 1921, David Hilbert made a proposal for a formalist foundation of mathematics, for which a
finitary consistency proof should establish the security of mathematics. By Richard Zach.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hilbert-program/
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Analysis
The historical development and conceptual structure of philosophical analysis; by Michael Beaney.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/analysis/
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The Turing Test
Proposal due to Alan Turing for a criterion of the presence of mind or consciousness; by Graham
Oppy and David Dowe.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/turing-test/
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Alcmaeon
Life and work of early Greek medical writer and philosopher-scientist; by Carl Huffman.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/alcmaeon/
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Episteme and Techne
Discussion of the distinction between knowledge and craft, or art in ancient philosophy; by Richard
Parry.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/episteme-techne/
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Reflective Equilibrium
The result of a process of reflection on an area of (moral) inquiry, a notion figuring prominently
in Rawls' Theory of Justice; by Norman Daniels.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/reflective-equilibrium/
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Laws of Nature
Philosophical theories about what it is to be a law; by John W. Carroll.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/laws-of-nature/
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Karl Leonhard Reinhold
Life and work of 19th century Austrian philosopher; by Dan Breazeale.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/karl-reinhold/
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Adorno, Theodor
Life and work of 20th century German philosopher and critical theorist; by Lambert Zuidervaart.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/adorno/
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Saadya [Saadiah]
Life and work of Saadya Gaon (Saadya ben Joseph, known in Arabic as Sa'id ibn Yusuf
al-Fayym), 10th century theologian, philosopher and rabbi; by Sarah Pessin.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/saadya/
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Eliminative Materialism
The view that some or all of the mental states posited by common-sense do not actually exist; by
William Ramsey.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/materialism-eliminative/
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Scientific Explanation
Philosophical theories about the nature of explanation in science; by James Woodward.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scientific-explanation/
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Arthur Schopenhauer
Life and work of 19th century German philosopher; by Robert Wicks.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/schopenhauer/
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Mereology
The theory of parthood relations: of the relations of part to whole and the relations of part to
part within a whole; by Achille Varzi.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mereology/
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Consequentialism
The view that normative properties depend only on consequences; by Walter Sinnott-Armstrong.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consequentialism/
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The Free Rider Problem
Philosophical issues related to collective action; by Russell Hardin.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/free-rider/
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Speusippus
Life and work of Speusippus of Athens, son of Plato's sister Potone and head of the Academy; by
Russell Dancy.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/speusippus/
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Biological Altruism
Discussion of how altruistic behavior by organisms fits with the theory of evolution; by Samir
Okasha.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/altruism-biological/
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Plato's Middle Period Metaphysics and Epistemology
Discussion of Plato's views on metaphysics and the theory of knowledge, including his theory of
forms; by Allan Silverman.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plato-metaphysics/
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Giambattista Vico
Life and work of 18th century Italian philosopher; by Timothy Costelloe.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/vico/
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Biodiversity
Discussion of philosophical issues related to biological diversity; by Daniel P. Faith.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/biodiversity/
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Roman Ingarden
Life and work of Polish phenomenologist, ontologist and aesthetician; by Amie Thomasson.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ingarden/
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Punishment
Philosophical justifications of punishment; by Hugo Adam Bedau.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/punishment/
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Sovereignty
Modern notion of political authority of supreme authority within a territory; by Dan Philpott.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/sovereignty/
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Aesthetic Judgment
Philosophical theories about judgments of taste; by Nick Zangwill.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aesthetic-judgment/
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Archytas
Life and work of fourth century BC Greek mathematician, political leader and philosopher; by Carl
Huffman.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/archytas/
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Jonathan Edwards
Life and work of 18th century American philosophical theologian; by William Wainwright.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/edwards/
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Bayes' Theorem
Discussion of a formula to calculate conditional probabilities which figures in subjectivist
approaches to epistemology; by James Joyce.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bayes-theorem/
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Plotinus
Life and work of this founder of Neoplatonism; by Lloyd Gerson.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/plotinus/
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The Computational Theory of Mind
The philosophical theopry that the mind is, or functions like, a computer; by Steven Horst.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/computational-mind/
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The Moral Status of Animals
Philosophical theories about the difference between animals and humans responsible for the moral
status of humans. By Lori Gruen.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-animal/
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Qualia: The Knowledge Argument
Aims to establish that conscious experience involves non-physical properties. It is one of the
most discussed arguments against physicalism; by Martine Nida-Rmelin.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qualia-knowledge/
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Fuzzy Logic
Survey of logical systems with a continuum of truth values; by Petr Hjek.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-fuzzy/
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Libertarianism
Theory about the permissibility of non-consensual force violating property rights in external
things and oneself; by Peter Vallentyne.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/libertarianism/
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Paul-Henri Thiry, Baron d'Holbach
Life and work of French Enlightenment philosoher; by Michael LeBuffe.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/holbach/
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Philosophy of Childhood
The philosophy of childhood takes up philosophically interesting questions about childhood, about
conceptions people have of childhood and attitudes they have toward children; by Gareth Matthews.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/childhood/
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The Problem of Evil
Does the world contain undesirable states of affairs that provide the basis for an argument that
makes it unreasonable for anyone to believe in the existence of God?; by Michael Tooley.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/evil/
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Logic and games
Survey of game-theoretical approaches to logic; by Wilfrid Hodges.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-games/
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William Penbygull
Life and work of 15th Century Oxford Realist philosopher; by Alessandro Conti.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/penbygull/
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Robert Alyngton
Life and work of 14th Century British philosopher, follower of Wyclif and Burley; by Alessandro
Conti.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/alyngton/
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Robert Holkot
Life and Work of Robert Holcot, 14th Century English philosopher and theologian; by Hester Gelber.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/holkot/
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Charles Hartshorne
Life and work of 20th Century metaphysician and philosopher of religion; by Dan Dombrowski.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hartshorne/
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Abstract Objects
Survey of attempts to draw the distinction between concrete and abstract objects; by Gideon Rosen.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/abstract-objects/
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Automated Reasoning
Survey of automated deduction and theorem proving; by Frederic Portoraro.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/reasoning-automated/
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Bayesian Epistemology
Epistemological movement based on Bayesian confirmation and decision theory; by William Talbott.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology-bayesian/
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Epistemological Problems of Perception
Discussion of how sense experience justifies or warrants beliefs about the physical world; by
Lawrence BonJour.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/perception-episprob/
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Being and Becoming in Modern Physics
Discusses implications of general relativity for the philosophy of time; by Steven Savitt.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spacetime-bebecome/
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Truthlikeness
Discussion of notion of verisimilitude, closeness to truth; by Graham Oddie.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/truthlikeness/
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Naturalized Epistemology
The view that epistemology is of one piece with natural science; by Richard Feldman.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology-naturalized/
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Baruch Spinoza
Life and work of 17th century Dutch Rationalist philosopher; by Steven Nadler.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spinoza/
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Scottish Philosophy in the Eighteenth Century
Survey of Scottish Enlightenment philosophers, including Francis Hutcheson, Henry Home (Lord
Kames), and George Campbell; by lexander Broadie.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scottish-18th/
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Charles Sanders Peirce
Life and work of 19th centuruy American logician and philosopher; by Robert Burch.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/peirce/
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Descartes' Ontological Argument
Discussion of René Descartes ontological proof of the existence of God; by Lawrence Nolan.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-ontological/
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Moral Particularism
The claim that there are no defensible moral principles; by Jonathan Dancy.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-particularism/
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John Duns Scotus
In-depth article on the life, work, and thought of John Duns Scotus. By Thomas Williams.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/duns-scotus/
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Medieval Theories of Relations
Survey of medieval views concerning the nature and ontological status of relations; by Jeffrey
Brower.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/relations-medieval/
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Interpretation and Coherence in Legal Reasoning
Survey of theories on legal reasoning; by Julie Dickson.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/legal-reas-interpret/
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On The Nature of Law
Survey of theories on the conditions of legal validity including natural law theories and legal
positivism; by Andrei Marmor.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/lawphil-nature/
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Panpsychism
The doctrine that mind is a fundamental feature of the world which exists throughout the universe;
by William Seager.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/panpsychism/
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Aristotle's Ethics
Discussion of Aristotle's ethical views; by Richard Kraut.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-ethics/
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Peter of Spain (Petrus Hispanus)
Life and work of 13th century logician and author of the Tractatus; by Joke Spruyt.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/peter-spain/
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Philosophy of Statistical Mechanics
By Lawrence Sklar.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/statphys-statmech/
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René Descartes' Life and Works
Life and work of 17th century French philosopher; by Kurt Smith.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-works/
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Integrity
Discussion of integrity as a virtue term; by Damian Cox, Marguerite La Caze, and Michael Levine.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/integrity/
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Higher-order Theories of Consciousness
Theories which explain conscious states by their relations to higher-order representations of them;
by Peter Carruthers.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciousness-higher/
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The Unity of Consciousness
History and philosophical accounts of unity of consciousness; by Andrew Brook.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciousness-unity/
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Equality
Survey of social and political equality; by Stefan Gosepath.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/equality/
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Francis of Marchia
Life and work of 14th century French theologian; by Christopher Schabel.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/francis-marchia/
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Robert Desgabets
Life and work of 17th century Cartesian philosopher; by Patricia Easton.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/desgabets/
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Social Epistemology
Survey of views on the social dimension of knowledge; by Alvin Goldman.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology-social/
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David Hume
Life and work of 18th century Scottish philosopher; by William Edward Morris.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hume/
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John Austin
Life and work of 19th century British legal philosopher and founder of legal positivism; by Brian
Bix.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/austin-john/
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Physicalism
Discussion of the thesis that everything is physical; by Daniel Stoljar.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/physicalism/
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The Analysis of Knowledge
Survey of analyses of the concept of knowledge, including justified true belief and the Gettier
problem; by Matthias Steup.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/knowledge-analysis/
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Richard Rorty
Life and work of 20th century American philosopher; by Bjørn Ramberg.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rorty/
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Benjamin Peirce
Life and work of 19th century mathematician and philosopher of mathematics; by Ivor
Grattan-Guinness and Alison Walsh.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/peirce-benjamin/
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Albert of Saxony
Life and work of 14th century German logician and philosopher; by Joël Biard.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/albert-saxony/
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Dante Alighieri
Life and work of 13th century Italian poet and philosopher; by Winthrop Wetherbee.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/dante/
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Semantic Challenges to Realism
Realism and the representation problem; by Drew Khlentzos.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/realism-sem-challenge/
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Evolutionary Epistemology
Survey of naturalistic epistemology which emphasizes importance of natural selection; by Michael
Bradie and William Harms
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology-evolutionary/
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Constitutionalism
Philosophical survey of the idea that government should be limited in its powers by law; by Wil
Waluchow.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/constitutionalism/
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Counterfactual Theories of Causation
Discussion of analysis of causal statements in terms of counterfactual conditionals; by Peter
Menzies.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/causation-counterfactual/
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Curry's Paradox
Discussion of a semantic paradox due to Haskell B. Curry; by J. C. Beall.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/curry-paradox/
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Moral Responsibility
Historical survey of the concept of moral responsibility; by Andrew Eshleman.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-responsibility/
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Disjunction
Theory and history of the binary connective 'or'; by Ray Jennings.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/disjunction/
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Legal Punishment
Justifications of legal punishment; by Antony Duff.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/legal-punishment/
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Intertheory Relations in Physics
Discussion of theory reduction in science; by Robert Batterman.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/physics-interrelate/
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William Whewell
Life and work of 19th century British philosopher; by Laura J. Snyder.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/whewell/
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The Modern History of Computing
Historical survey from Babbage onward; by B. Jack Copeland.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/computing-history/
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Quantum Mechanics
Survey by Jenann Ismael.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm/
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Brentano's Theory of Judgement
Discussion of Franz Brentano's foundation for logic and epistemology; by Johannes Brandl.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/brentano-judgement/
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Feminist History of Philosophy
Survey of feminist writing on the philosophical canon; by Charlotte Witt.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-femhist/
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Aristotle's Metaphysics
Aristotle's notions of category and substance; by S. Marc Cohen.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-metaphysics/
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Classical Logic
Introduction to classical logic, including completeness and Löwenheim-Skolem theorems; by Stewart
Shapiro.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-classical/
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The Kochen-Specker Theorem
By Carsten Held.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/kochen-specker/
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The Medieval Problem of Universals
By Gyula Klima.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/universals-medieval/
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William James
Life and work of 19th century American philosopher; by Russell Goodman.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/james/
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Thomas Reid
Life and work of 18th century Scottish philosopher; by Gideon Yaffe.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/reid/
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The Experience and Perception of Time
By Robin Le Poidevin.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/time-experience/
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Incompatibilist (Nondeterministic) Theories of Free Will
By Randolph Clarke.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/incompatibilism-theories/
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Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of Science
By Elizabeth Anderson.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-epistemology/
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Robert Boyle
Life and work of 17th century Irish philosopher and physicist; by J. J. McIntosh, University of
Calgary.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/boyle/
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Salomon Maimon
Life and work of contemporary and critic of Kant; by Peter Thielke and Yitzhak Melamed.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/maimon/
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Scottish Philosophy in the Nineteenth Century
Survey of the work of William Hamilton, James Frederick Ferrier, and Alexander Bain; by Gordon
Graham.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scottish-19th/
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Formal Learning Theory
Discusses mathematical approaches to normative epistemology; by Oliver Schulte.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/learning-formal/
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Quantum Logic and Quantum Probability
How quantum mechanics can be regarded as a non-classical probabilistic calculus; by Alexander
Wilce.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qt-quantlog/
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Relational Quantum Mechanics
An interpretation of quantum theory which discards the notions of absolute state of a system,
absolute value of its physical quantities, or absolute event; by Federico Laudisa and Carlo
Rovelli.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-relational/
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Medieval Theories of Properties of Terms
The theories of proprietates terminorum was the basis of medieval semantic theory; by Stephen Read.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/medieval-terms/
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George Santayana
Life and work of early 20th century Spanish-born American philosopher; by Herman Saatkamp.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/santayana/
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Hobbes's Moral and Political Philosophy
Survey of work of Thomas Hobbes; by Sharon A. Lloyd.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hobbes-moral/
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Cosmopolitanism
The view that all human beings belong to a single community; by Pauline Kleingeld and Eric Brown.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/cosmopolitanism/
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Collapse Theories
Survey of the dynamical reduction program; by Giancarlo Ghirardi.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-collapse/
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Bruno Bauer
Life and work of 19th century German philosopher; by Douglas Moggach.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bauer/
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Justice as a Virtue
Survey of justice as a virtue from Plato to Rawls; by Michael Slote.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justice-virtue/
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18th Century German Philosophy Prior to Kant
Survey of work of, among others, Christian Thomasius and Christian Wolff; by Brigitte Sassen.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/18thGerman-preKant/
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Harriet Taylor Mill
Life and work of 19th century English philosopher and proponent of women's rights; by Dale E.
Miller.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/harriet-mill/
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Lord Shaftesbury [Anthony Ashley Cooper, Third Earl of Shaftesbury]
Life and work of 18th century English philosopher; by Michael Gill.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/shaftesbury/
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Action
Theories about intentional action and agency; by George Wilson.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/action/
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The Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics
Interpretation of quantum mechanics due to Hugh Everett according to which many universes exist in
parallel at the same space and time; by Lev Vaidman.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-manyworlds/
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Impartiality
Survey of views on moral impartiality; by Troy Jollimore.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/impartiality/
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Space and Time: Inertial Frames
Frames of reference relative to which motion and rest are measured; by Robert DiSalle.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spacetime-iframes/
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Process Philosophy
View that puts processes at the center of metaphysics; by Nicholas Rescher.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/process-philosophy/
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Finitism in Geometry
Approaches to geometry that do not presuppose an infinity of points; by Jean-Paul van Bendegem.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/geometry-finitism/
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Mally's Deontic Logic
Discussion of Ernst Mally's logic of obligation; by Gert-Jan Lokhorst.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mally-deontic/
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Social Dimensions of Scientific Knowledge
Discussess the impact of social relations and values on scientific research; by Helen Longino.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scientific-knowledge-social/
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Descartes' Modal Metaphysics
Interpretations of René Descartes' ontology of necessities and possibilities; by David Cunning.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/descartes-modal/
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Moral Dilemmas
Discusses cases of conflicting moral requirements; by Terrance McConnell.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-dilemmas/
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Friedrich Daniel Schleiermacher
Life and work of the 18th century German philosopher; by Michael Forster.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/schleiermacher/
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The Definition of Morality
Discussion of various descriptive and normative definitions of the term; Bernard Gert.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/morality-definition/
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Relative Identity
The view that there are objects which are the same F yet not the same G; by Harry Deutsch.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity-relative/
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Events
Survey of philosophical views on the character and status of events; by Roberto Casati and Achille
Varzi.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/events/
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Determinates vs. Determinables
A distinction introduced by W. E. Johnson to apply, e.g., to red and colored; by David H. Sanford.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/determinate-determinables/
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Zeno's Paradoxes
Discusses the paradoxes of Zeno of Elea, e.g., Achilles and the Tortoise; by Nick Huggett.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/paradox-zeno/
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Philosophy for Children
Discusses introduction of philosophy into the school curriculum; by Michael Pritchard.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/children/
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Aristotle's Rhetoric
Discussion of one of Aristotle's major works; by Christof Rapp.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-rhetoric/
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The Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics
First interpretation of quantum mechanics due to Nields Bohr; by Jan Faye.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-copenhagen/
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The Epsilon Calculus
Discussion of David Hilbert's development of this type of logical formalism with emphasis on
proof-theoretic methods; by Jeremy Avigad and Richard Zach.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epsilon-calculus/
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Thomas of Erfurt
Life and work of medieval philosopher and member of the Modists; by Jack Zupko.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/erfurt/
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The Correspondence Theory of Truth
The thesis that propositions are made true in virtue of corresponding to facts; by Marian David.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/truth-correspondence/
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John Buridan
Life and work of late Medieval philosopher; by Jack Zupko.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/buridan/
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Philosophy and Christian Theology
Discussion of philosophical implications of Christian theological views; by Michael Murray.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/christiantheology-philosophy/
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Modal Fictionalism
Survey of the view that claims of necessity and possibility are to be construed as fictional
claims; by Daniel Nolan.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/fictionalism-modal/
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Privacy
Survey of philosophical views about privacy; by Judith DeCew.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/privacy/
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Desert
Moral issues of desert (punishment, success) and justice; by Owen McLeod.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/desert/
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Doing vs. Allowing Harm
Views on the moral difference between doing harm and allowing harm; by Frances Howard-Snyder.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/doing-allowing/
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Cosmology: Methodological Debates 1932-48
Discusses philosophical views about cosmology in the 1930s and 1940s; by George Gale.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/cosmology-30s/
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Omnipotence
The theistic thesis that God has maximal power; by Joshua Hoffman and Gary Rosenkrantz.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/omnipotence/
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The Biological Notion of Self and Non-self
History and discussion of the notion of the immune self; by Alfred Tauber.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/biology-self/
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Death
Discussion of philosophical issues about death; by Steven Luper.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/death/
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Nicolas Malebranche
Life and work of French Cartesian philosopher; by Tad Schmaltz.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/malebranche/
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Personal Autonomy
Survey of philosophical theories about what it is to govern oneself; by Sarah Buss.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/personal-autonomy/
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Alan M. Turing
Life and work of philosopher and mathematician Alan Mathison Turing; by Andrew Hodges.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/turing/
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Environmental Ethics
Branch of ethics dealing with the moral relationship of humans to the environment; by Andrew
Brennan and Yeuk-Sze Lo.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ethics-environmental/
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Scientific Realism
The thesis that science discovers truths about a theory-independent reality; by Richard Boyd.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scientific-realism/
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Moral Skepticism
Survey of forms of scepticism about moral knowledge; Walter Sinnott-Armstrong.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/skepticism-moral/
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Globalization
Social theory and philosophy issues in globalization; by William Scheuerman.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/globalization/
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Consciousness and Intentionality
Discussion of the connection between phenomenal consciousness and intentionality; by Charles
Siewert.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciousness-intentionality/
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Max Stirner
Life and work of German philosopher of egoism; by David Leopold.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/max-stirner/
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Johann Georg Hamann
Life and work of this German Enlightenment philosopher; by Gwen Griffith-Dickson.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/hamann/
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Immutability
The doctrine that God cannot undergo real change; by Brian Leftow.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/immutability/
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Theological Voluntarism
Survey of divine command theory; by Mark Murphy.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/voluntarism-theological/
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Confucius
The life and work of the Chinese philosopher and educatory; by Jeffrey Riegel.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/confucius/
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Species
Philosophical theories on what makes a species; by Marc Ereshefsky.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/species/
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The Mathematics of Boolean Algebra
Survey of the algebra of two-valued logic; by J. Donald Monk.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/boolalg-math/
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Realism
Survey of realism and anti-realism in various forms; by Alexander Miller.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/realism/
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Set Theory
Survey of the mathematical theory of the infinite; by Thomas Jech.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/set-theory/
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Naturalism in Legal Philosophy
Discusses naturalistic theses in the philosophy of law; by Brian Leiter.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/lawphil-naturalism/
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Identity Politics
History of the political activity and theorizing founded in the shared experiences of injustice of
members of certain social groups; by Cressida Heyes.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity-politics/
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Pyrrho
The life and work of the founder of Pyrrhonism; by Richard Bett.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/pyrrho/
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Homosexuality
Philosophical issues in homosexuality and queer theory; by Brent Pickett.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/homosexuality/
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Timon of Phlius
Timon (c. 320-230 BC) was the younger contemporary and leading disciple of Pyrrho; by Richard Bett.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/timon-phlius/
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William of Ockham
Occam (1287-1347) was one of the most important philosophers of the Middle Ages. By Paul Vincent
Spade.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/ockham/
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Egalitarianism
The view that people should get the same or be treated the same; by Richard Arneson.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/egalitarianism/
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Personal Identity
How does a person stay the same person over time? By Eric T. Olson.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/identity-personal/
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John Locke
Influential 17th century British political philosopher.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/locke/
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Revision Theory of Truth
Theory developed to analyze paradoxes that appear to show that common-sense beliefs about truth are
inconsistent. By Eric M. Hammer.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/truth-revision/
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Identity Theory of Truth
When a truth-bearer is true, there is a truth-maker with which it is identical and the truth of the
former consists in its identity with the latter. By Stewart Candlish.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/truth-identity/
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Deflationary Theory of Truth
According to the deflationary theory of truth, to assert that a statement is true is just to assert
the statement itself. By Daniel Stoljar.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/truth-deflationary/
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Coherence Theory of Truth
The truth of any (true) proposition consists in its coherence with some specified set of
propositions. By James O. Young.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/truth-coherence/
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Supertasks
Introduced by Jon Pérez Laraudogoitia from the University of the Basque Country.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spacetime-supertasks/
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Conventionality of Simultaneity
By Allen I. Janis, University of Pittsburgh.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spacetime-convensimul/
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Contemporary Approaches to the Social Contract
By Fred D'Agostino.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/contractarianism-contemporary/
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Ancient Skepticism
Two movements in ancient philosophy, Pyrrhonism, and Academic Skepticism. By Leo Groarke.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/skepticism-ancient/
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The Epistemology of Religion
By Peter Forrest.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/religion-epistemology/
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Historicist Theories of Rationality
By Carl Matheson of the University of Manitoba.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rationality-historicist/
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Everett's Relative-State Formulation of Quantum Mechanics
Describes Everett's attempt to solve the measurement problem by dropping the collapse dynamics from
the standard von Neumann-Dirac theory of quantum mechanics. By Jeffrey A. Barrett.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-everett/
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Structured Propositions
To say that propositions are structured is to say that they are complex entities, entities having
parts or constituents. By Jeffrey C. King.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/propositions-structured/
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Singular Propositions
Propositions about a particular object or individual in virtue of having the object or individual
as a constituent of the proposition. By G. W. Fitch.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/propositions-singular/
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Reichenbach's Common Cause Principle
By Frank Arntzenius of Rutgers.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/physics-Rpcc/
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Experiments in Physics
By Allan Franklin, University of Colorado.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/physics-experiment/
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Peirce's Logic
By Eric M. Hammer of Stanford.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/peirce-logic/
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The St. Petersburg Paradox
By Robert M. Martin, Dalhousie University.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/paradox-stpetersburg/
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The Philosophy of Neuroscience
By John Bickle and Peter Mandik.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/neuroscience/
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Inconsistent Mathematics
By Chris Mortensen, University of Adelaide.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mathematics-inconsistent/
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Constructive Mathematics
By Douglas Bridges from Waikato University.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mathematics-constructive/
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Indispensability Arguments in the Philosophy of Mathematics
By Mark Colyvan, University of Tasmania.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mathphil-indis/
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Substructural Logics
By Greg Restall of Macquarie University.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-substructural/
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Informal Logic
By Leo Groarke, Wilfrid Laurier University.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-informal/
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Paraconsistent Logic
By Graham Priest and Koji Tanaka.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-paraconsistent/
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Relevance Logic
By Edwin D. Mares, Victoria University of Wellington.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-relevance/
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Leibniz on the Problem of Evil
By Michael J. Murray, Franklin & Marshall College.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/leibniz-evil/
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Leibniz's Philosophy of Mind
By Mark Kulstad and Laurence Carlin.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/leibniz-mind/
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Public Justification
By Fred D'Agostino, University of New England, Australia.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justification-public/
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Distributive Justice
By Julian Lamont, University of Queensland.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justice-distributive/
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Folk Psychology as a Theory
By Ian Ravenscroft, the Flinders University of South Australia.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/folkpsych-theory/
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Folk Psychology as Mental Simulation
By Robert M. Gordon, University of Missouri.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/folkpsych-simulation/
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Feminist Perspectives on the Self
By Diana Meyers of the University of Connecticut.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-self/
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Feminist Ethics
By Rosemarie Tong, Davidson College.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/feminism-ethics/
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Virtue Epistemology
By John Greco of Fordham.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epistemology-virtue/
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Voluntary Euthanasia
By Robert Young, La Trobe University.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/euthanasia-voluntary/
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Representational Theories of Consciousness
By William Lycan, University of North Carolina.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/consciousness-representational/
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Contractarianism
By Ann E. Cudd, University of Kansas.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/contractarianism/
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Frege's Logic, Theorem, and Foundations for Arithmetic
By Edward N. Zalta of Stanford University.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/frege-logic/
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Teleological Notions in Biology
By Colin Allen of Texas A & M.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/teleology-biology/
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Behaviorism
By George Graham of University of Alabama at Birmingham.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/behaviorism/
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Actualism
The thesis that there are no merely possible entities; by Christopher Menzel.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/actualism/
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Many-Valued Logic
Survey article on multiple-valued logics, by Siegfried Gottwaldof of Leipzig University.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-manyvalued/
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Saint Anselm
By Thomas Williams, University of Iowa.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/anselm/
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Philip the Chancellor
Life and work of this 13th-century philosopher, theologian, and lyric poet. From the Stanford
Encyclopedia, by Colleen McCluskey.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/philip-chancellor/
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Medieval Theories of Modality
By Simo Knuuttila of the University of Helsinki.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/modality-medieval/
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The Hole Argument
The hole argument is an attempt to illustrate how spacetime substantivalism causes errors in a
large class of spacetime theories. By John D. Norton of the University of Pittsburgh.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/spacetime-holearg/
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Epiphenomenalism
Discusses the view that mental events are caused by physical events in the brain, but have no
effects upon any physical events. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by William S. Robinson.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/epiphenomenalism/
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Holism and Nonseparability in Physics
Comprehensive article by Richard Healey of the University of Arizona.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/physics-holism/
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Nineteenth Century Geometry
By Roberto Torretti, Universidad de Chile.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/geometry-19th/
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Richard the Sophister
Richardus Sophista was an English philosopher/logician who studied at Oxford most likely sometime
during the second quarter of the thirteenth century. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Paul
Streveler.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/richard-sophister/
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Intuitionistic Logic
The principles L. E. J. Brouwer used in developing his intuitionistic mathematics. By Joan R.
Moschovakis, UCLA.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-intuitionistic/
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Properties
Entry in the Stanford Encyclopaedia of Philosophy by Chris Swoyer. Principally concerned with
existence and identity conditions.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/properties/
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Medieval Theories of Practical Reason
From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Anthony Celano.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/practical-reason-med
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Measurement in Quantum Theory
Study of the details and some of the implications of the measurement problem. By Henry Krips of the
University of Pittsburgh.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qt-measurement/
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Logical Form
Introduction to logical form, surface and deep meaning. By Paul M. Pietroski, University of
Maryland.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logical-form/
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Peter John Olivi
Life and work of one of the most original and interesting philosophers of the later Middle Ages.
From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Robert Pasnau.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/olivi/
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Divine Illumination
Augustine's doctrine described by Robert Pasnau of the University of Colorado.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/illumination/
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Medieval Theories of Analogy
By E. Jennifer Ashworth of the University of Waterloo.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/analogy-medieval/
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Temporal Logic
The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on the subject, with a detailed description,
application areas and a bibliography.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-temporal/
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Aristotle's Psychology
Recounts the principal and distinctive claims of Aristotle's psychological writings, especially
"De Anima." By Christopher Shields of the University of Colorado.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-psychology/
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The Identity Theory of Mind
Evaluates the theory that holds that states and processes of the mind are identical to states and
processes of the brain. By J. J. C. Smart of Monash.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/mind-identity/
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William Godwin
Article on the life and work of the founder of philosophical anarchism. From the Stanford
Encyclopedia, by Mark Philp.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/godwin/
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Infinitary Logic
Infinitary Logic is a branch of formal logic where finitary formulae are replaced by potentially
infinitary mathematical entities. By John L. Bell.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-infinitary/
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War
Article on the ethics of war and peace, the Just War theory, and pacificsm. From the Stanford
Encyclopedia, by Brian D. Orend.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/war/
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Identity and Individuality in Quantum Theory
Assesses the metaphysical implications of quantum theory by considering the impact of the theory on
our understanding of objects as individuals with well defined identity conditions. By Steven French
of Leeds University.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qt-idind/
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Propositional Attitude Reports
Explores semantic accounts of propositional attitude reports, and some of the theories developed to
deal with Frege's puzzle. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Thomas J. McKay.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/prop-attitude-reports/
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Time Travel and Modern Physics
Survey of philosophical woories about inconsistencies inherent in the idea of time travel in the
context of modern physics. From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Tim Maudlin.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/time-travel-phys/
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Foundationalist Theories of Epistemic Justification
Survey of theories according to which knowledge and justified belief rest ultimately on a
foundation of noninferential knowledge or justified belief. By Richard Fumerton of the University
of Iowa.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justep-foundational
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Modal Logic
Originally the study of deductive behavior of the expressions `it is necessary that' and `it is
possible that', now also includes logics for belief, tense, the deontic (moral) expressions. By
James W. Garson, University of Houston.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-modal/
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Aristotle's Logic
Survey of Aristotle's logical work, focus on the "Organon," syllogistic, and dialectic.
From the Stanford Encyclopedia, by Robin Smith.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aristotle-logic/
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Saint Augustine
By Michael Mendelson of Lehigh University.
http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/augustine/
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Mental Representation
According to the Representational Theory of Mind, psychological states are to be understood as |
