| Directory > Society > Religion and Spirituality > Christianity > Denominations > Catholicism > Reference > Catholic Encyclopedia Ewing, Thomas
Jurist and statesman, b. in West Liberty, Virginia (now West Virginia), U.S.A., 28 December, 1789;
d. at Lancaster, Ohio, 26 October, 1871.
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Ewald, Saints
Martyrs in Old Saxony about 695. They were two priests and natives of Northumbria, England. Both
bore the same name, but were distinguished as Ewald the Black and Ewald the Fair, from the
difference in the colour of their hair and complexions.
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Evreux
Diocese in the Department of Eure, France; suffragan of the Archbishopric of Rouen.
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Evora
Located in Portugal, raised to archiepiscopal rank in 1544, at which time it was given as
suffragans Leiria and Portalegre; in 1570 and later were added Sylves, Ceuta, Congo, Santo Thomé,
Funchal, Cabo Verde, and Angra.
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Evaristus, Pope Saint
Date of birth unknown; died about 107. In the Liberian Catalogue his name is given as Aristus. In
papal catalogues of the second century used by Irenaeus and Hippolytus, he appears as the fourth
successor of St. Peter, immediately after St Clement.
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Evangelical Church
Almost from the beginning the new Evangelical Church was split, first into two communions, the
Lutheran and the Reformed, then into a multitude of sects.
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Evangeliaria
Liturgical books containing those portions of the Gospels which are read during Mass or in the
public offices of the Church.
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Evagrius Ponticus
Short article on this important fourth-century author of ascetical writings.
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Evagrius
Church historian. (536-594)
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Eutychius
Melchite Patriarch of Alexandria, author of a history of the world, b. 876, at Fustat (Cairo); d.
11 May, 940.
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Eutychius I
Patriarch of Constantinople, b. about 512, in Phrygia; d. Easter Day, 5 April, 582.
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Eutychianus, Saint, Pope
He succeeded Pope Felix I a few days after the latter's death, and governed the Church from
January, 275, until 7 December, 283.
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Eutychianism
Eutychianism and Monophysitism are usually identified as a single heresy. But as some Monophysites
condemned Eutyches, the name Eutychians is given by some writers only to those in Armenia.
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Euthymius, Saint
Abbot in Palestine. (377-473)
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Eustochium Julia, Saint
Virgin, born at Rome c. 368; died at Bethlehem, 28 September, 419 or 420.
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Eustathius of Sebaste
Born about 300; died about 377. He was one of the chief founders of monasticism in Asia Minor, and
for a long time was an intimate friend of St. Basil.
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Eustathius, Saint
Bishop of Antioch, b. at Side in Pamphylia, c. 270; d. in exile at Trajanopolis in Thrace, most
probably in 360, according to some already in 336 or 337.
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Eustachius and Companions, Saints
Second-century Roman martyrs.
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Eustace, Saint
Abbot of the Monastery of Luxeuil. (d. 625)
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Eusebius of Nicomedia
Bishop, place and date of birth unknown; d. 341. He was a pupil at Antioch of Lucian the Martyr, in
whose famous school he learned his Arian doctrines.
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Eusebius of Dorylæum
Bishop of Dorylæum in Asia Minor, was the prime mover on behalf of Catholic orthodoxy against the
heresies of Nestorius and Eutyches.
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Eusebius, Saint
Bishop of Vercelli.
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Europe
The conception of Europe as a distinct division of the earth, separate from Asia and Africa, had
its origin in ancient times.
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Euroea
A titular see of Epirus Vetus in Greece, suffragan of Nicopolis.
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Euphrosyne, Saint
Died about 470. Her story belongs to that group of legends which relate how Christian virgins, in
order the more successfully to lead the life of celibacy and asceticism to which they had dedicated
themselves, put on male attire and passed for men.
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Euphrasia, Saint
Virgin, b. in 380; d. after 410.
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Eunan, Saint
Abbot of Iona. (624-704)
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Eumenia
A titular see of Phrygia Pacatiana in Asia Minor, and suffragan to Hierapolis.
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Eulogius of Cordova, Saint
Spanish martyr and writer who flourished during the reigns of the Cordovan Caliphs, Abd-er-Rahman
II and Mohammed I (822-886).
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Eulogius of Alexandria, Saint
Patriarch of that see from 580 to 607.
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Eulogius of Barcelona, Saint
A Spanish martyr in the persecution of Diocletian (12 February, 304), patron of the cathedral and
city of Barcelona, also of sailors.
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Eugenius of Carthage, Saint
Unanimously elected Bishop of Carthage in 480 to succeed Deogratias (d. 456); d. 13 July, 505.
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Eugene IV, Pope
Gabriello Condulmaro, or Condulmerio, b. at Venice, 1388; elected 4 March, 1431; d. at Rome, 23
Feb., 1447.
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Eugene III, Pope
Bernardo Pignatelli, born in the neighbourhood of Pisa, elected 15 Feb., 1145; d. at Tivoli, 8
July, 1151.
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Eugene II, Pope
Elected 6 June, 824; died 27 Aug., 827.
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Eugene I, Saint, Pope
Elected 10 Aug., 654, and died at Rome, 2 June, 657.
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Eugendus, Saint
Fourth Abbot of Condat (Jura), b. about 449, at Izernore, Ain, Franche-Comté; d. 1 Jan., 510 at
Condat.
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Eudes, Saint Jean
French missionary and founder of the Eudists and of the Congregation of Our Lady of Charity; author
of the liturgical worship of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary; b. at Ri, France, 14 Nov., 1601;
d. at Caen, 19 Aug., 1680.
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Eucharius, Saint
First Bishop of Trier (Treves) in the second half of the third century.
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Eucharistic Congresses
Gatherings of ecclesiastics and laymen for the purpose of celebrating and glorifying the Holy
Eucharist and of seeking the best means to spread its knowledge and love throughout the world.
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Eucarpia
A titular see of Phrygia Salutaris in Asia Minor.
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Euaria
A titular see of Phoenicia Secunda or Libanensis, in Palestine.
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Ethiopia
Includes geography, history, and religion.
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Etherianus, Hugh and Leo
Brothers, Tuscans by birth, employed at the court of Constantinople under the Emperor Manuel I
(Comnenus, 1143-1180).
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Ethelwold, Saint
Bishop of Winchester.
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Etheldreda, Saint
Queen of Northumbria; born (probably) about 630; died at Ely, 23 June, 679.
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Ethelbert, Saint
King of the East Angles. (d. 794)
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Estaing, Comte d'
French admiral, b. at the chateau de Ravel (Auvergne), 28 November, 1729; d. at Paris, 28 April,
1794.
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Essence and Existence
Essence, described as that whereby a thing is what it is. Existence is that whereby the essence is
an actuality in the line of being.
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Espen, Zeger Bernhard van
Belgian canonist, born at Louvain, 9 July, 1646; died at Amersfoort, Netherlands, 2 Oct., 1728.
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Espejo, Antonio
A Spanish explorer, whose fame rests upon a notable expedition which he conducted into New Mexico
and Arizona in 1582-3.
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ESP
A term introduced by F.W.H. Myers in 1882 to denote "the ability of one mind to impress or to
be impressed by another mind otherwise than through the recognized channels of sense".
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Esnambuc, Pierre Belain, Sieur d'
Captain in the French marine, b. 1565, at Allouville, near Yvetot (Seine-Inferieure); d. at St.
Christopher in Dec., 1636.
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Eskimo
A littoral race occupying the entire Arctic coast and outlying islands of America from below Cook
Inlet in Alaska to the mouth of the St. Lawrence.
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Eskil
Archbishop of Lund, Skåne, Sweden; b. about 1100; d. at Clairvaux, 6 (7?) Sept., 1181.
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Escorial, The
A building in Spain situated on the south-eastern slope of the Sierra Guadarrama about twenty-seven
miles north-west of Madrid. Its proper title is El Real Monasterio de San Lorenzo del Escorial ,
Escorial being the name of a small town in the vicinity.
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Escobar, Marina de
Mystic and foundress of a modified branch of the Brigittine Order b. at Valladolid, Spain, 8 Feb.,
1554; d. there 9 June, 1633.
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Esch, Nicolaus van
A famous mystical theologian, b. in Oisterwijk near Hertogenbosch (Boisle-Duc), Holland, in 1507;
d. 19 July, 1578.
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Erzerum (Theodosiopolis)
The kings of Armenia established their summer residence here. Later Garin fell into the power of
the Byzantines, who named it Theodosiopolis (415), under which title it is still a Latin titular
see.
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Erythrae
A titular see in Asia Minor. According to legend the city was founded by colonists from Crete.
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Erwin of Steinbach
One of the architects of the Strasburg cathedral, date of birth unknown; d. at Strasburg, 17
January, 1318.
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Erthal, Friedrich Karl Joseph, Freiherr von
Last Elector and Archbishop of Mainz, b. 3 Jan., 1719, at Mainz; d. 25 July, 1802, at
Aschaffenburg.
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Erthal, Franz Ludwig von
Prince-Bishop of Würzburg and Bamberg, b. at Lohr on the Main, 16 September, 1730; d. at
Würzburg, 16 February, 1795.
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Erskine, Charles
Cardinal, b. at Rome, 13 Feb., 1739; d. at Paris, 20 March, 1811.
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Errington, William
Priest, founder of Sedgley Park School, b. 17 July, 1716; d. 28 September, 1768.
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Ernulf
Architect, b. at Beauvais, France, in 1040; d. 1124.
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Ernst of Hesse-Rheinfels
The sixth son of Moritz, Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel, after whose resignation of the government in
1627 to his son Wilhelm V, Ernst and his brother Hermann respectively founded the collateral lines
of Hesse-Rheinfels and Hesse-Rotenburg.
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Eriugena, John Scotus
An Irish teacher, theologian, philosopher, and poet, who lived in the ninth century.
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Erhard of Ratisbon, Saint
Bishop of that city in the seventh century, probably identical with an Abbot Erhard of
Ebersheimmunster mentioned in a Merovingian diploma of 684.
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Erconwald, Saint
Bishop of London, died about 690.
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Episcopal Subsidies
Since the faithful are obliged to contribute to the support of religion, especially in their own
diocese, a bishop may ask contributions for diocesan needs from his own subjects, and particularly
from the clergy.
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Edesius and Frumentius
Tyrian Greeks of the fourth century, probably brothers, who introduced Christianity into Abyssinia;
the latter a saint and first Bishop of Axum, styled the Apostle of Abyssinia, d. about 383.
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Eoghan, Saints
A native of Leinster, and, after presiding over the Abbey of Kilnamanagh (Co. Wicklow) for fifteen
years, settled in the valley of Mourne (Co. Tyrone), his mother's country, about the year 576.
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Ensingen, Ulrich
Belonged to a family of architects who came from Einsingen near Ulm, Wurtemberg, and who shared as
master-builders in the construction of the most important Gothic buildings of the fifteenth century
in Southern Germany.
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Ennodius, Magnus Felix
Rhetorician and bishop, b. probably at Arles, in Southern Gaul, in 474; d. at Pavia, Italy, 17
July, 521.
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Englefield, Sir Henry Charles, Bart.
Antiquary and scientist, b. 1752; d. 21 March, 1822.
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Engelbrechtsen, Cornelis
Dutch painter, b. at Leyden, 1468; d. there 1533; is believed to have been identical with a certain
Cornelis de Hollandere who was a member of the Guild of St. Luke at Antwerp in 1492.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05431a.htm
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Engelbert
Abbot of the Benedictine monastery of Admont in Styria, b. of noble parents at Volkersdorf in
Styria, c. 1250; d. 12 May, 1331.
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Engelbert of Cologne, Saint
Archbishop of that city (1216-1225); b. at Berg, about 1185; d. near Schwelm, 7 November, 1225.
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Engelberg, Abbey of
A Benedictine monastery in Switzerland, formerly in the Diocese of Constance.
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Engel, Ludwig
Canonist, b. at Castle Wagrein, Austria; d. at Grillenberg, 22 April 1694.
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Encyclopedists
The writers of the eighteenth century who edited or contributed articles to the
"Encyclopédie".
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Encolpion
The name given in early Christian times to a species of reliquary worn round the neck, in which
were enclosed relics.
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Enciso, MartÃn Fernández de
Navigator and geographer, b. at Seville, Spain, c. 1470; d. probably about 1528 at Seville.
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Enciso, Diego Ximenez de
Dramatic poet, b. in Andalusia, Spain, c. 1585; date of death unknown.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05411b.htm
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Encina, Juan de la
Spanish dramatic poet, called by Ticknor the father of the Spanish secular drama; b. in the village
of Encina near Salamanca, 7 Aug., 1468; d. in Salamanca, 1534.
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Emser, Hieronymus
The most ardent literary opponent of Luther, born of a prominent family at Ulm, 20 March, 1477;
died 8 Nov., 1527 at Dresden.
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Emiliana and Trasilla, Saints
Aunts of St. Gregory the Great, virgins in the sixth century.
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Emery, Jacques-André
Superior of the Society of St-Sulpice during the French Revolution, b. 26 Aug., 1732, at Gex; d. at
Paris, 28 April, 1811.
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Emerentiana, Saint
Virgin and martyr, d. at Rome in the third century.
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Elzéar of Sabran
Baron of Ansouis, Count of Ariano, born in the castle of Saint-Jean de Robians, in Provence, 1285;
died at Paris, 27 September, 1323.
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Ely
Ancient diocese in England.
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Elvira, Council of
Held early in the fourth century at Elliberis, or Illiberis, in Spain, a city now in ruins not far
from Granada.
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Elusa
A titular see of Palaestina Tertia, suffragan of Petra.
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Elphege, Saint
Martyred Archbishop of Canterbury. (954-1012)
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Ellwangen Abbey
The earliest Benedictine monastery established in the Duchy of Wurtemberg, situated in the Diocese
of Augsburg about thirty miles north-east of the town of Stuttgart.
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Eligius, Saint
French bishop. (590-660)
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Elias of Cortona
Minister General of the Friars Minor, b., it is said, at Bevilia near Assisi, c. 1180; d. at
Cortona, 22 April, 1253.
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El Greco
Spanish artist. Born in Crete, between 1545 and 1550; died at Toledo, 7 April, 1614.
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Eleutherius, Saint
Bishop of Tournai.
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Eleutherius, Pope Saint
Pope (c. 174-189).
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Election
In its broadest sense election means a choice among many persons, things, or sides to be taken. In
the stricter juridical sense it means the choice of one person among many for a definite charge or
function.
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Elder, William Henry
Third Bishop of Natchez, Mississippi, U.S.A., and second Archbishop of Cincinnati, b. in Baltimore,
Maryland, 22 March, 1819; d. in Cincinnati, 31 Oct., 1904.
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Elder, George
Educator, b. 11 August, 1793, in Kentucky, U.S.A.; d. 28 Sept., 1838, at Bardstown.
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Elba
The largest island of the Tuscan Archipelago.
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Elaea
A titular see of Asia Minor.
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Ekkehard of Aura
Benedictine monk and chronicler, b. about 1050; d. after 1125.
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Eithene, Saint
Styled "daughter of Baite", with her sister Sodelbia, are commemorated in the Irish
calendars under 20 March.
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Eisengrein, Martin
Catholic theologian and polemical writer, born of Protestant parents at Stuttgart, 28 December,
1535; died at Ingolstadt, 4 May, 1578.
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Einsiedeln, Abbey of
A Benedictine monastery in the Canton of Schwyz, Switzerland, dedicated to Our Lady of the Hermits.
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Eimhin, Saint
Abbot and Bishop of Ros-mic-Truin (Ireland), probably in the sixth century.
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Eichstätt
Diocese in Bavaria, north of the Danube, and suffragan to Bamberg.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05364a.htm
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Egwin, Saint
Third Bishop of Worcester.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05329a.htm
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Egmont, Lamoral, Count of
Born at the Château de La Hamaide, in Hainault, 18 Nov., 1522; beheaded at Brussels, 5 June, 1568.
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Egloffstein, Frederick W. von
Born at Aldorf, near Nuremberg, Bavaria, 18 May, 1824; died in New York, 1885.
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Egfrid
King of Northumbria, b. 650; d. 685.
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Egbert, Archbishop of York
Son of Eata, brother of the Northumbrian King Eadbert and cousin of King Ceolwulf, to whom the
Venerable Bede dedicated his history; date of birth unknown; d. 19 November, 766.
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Egbert, Archbishop of Trier
Belonged to the family of the Counts of Holland. Died 8 or 9 December, 993.
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Egbert
Frequently though incorrectly called "First King of England", died A.D. 839.
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Egbert, Saint
Northumbrian monk. (639-729)
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Edward Powell, Blessed
English priest and martyr. (1478-1540)
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Education of the Deaf
History, aids, and alphabets are discussed.
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Edmund Rich, Saint
Archbishop of Canterbury, England, born 20 November, c. 1180, at Abingdon, six miles from Oxford;
died 16 November, 1240.
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Edinburgh
Derives its name from the time (about A.D. 620) when the fortress of Edwin's burgh was raised on a
lofty spur of the Pentland Hills, overlooking the Firth of Forth, and established the Anglian
dominion in the northern part of the Northumbrian Kingdom.
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Edgeworth, Henry Essex
Confessor of Louis XVI, and vicar-general of the Diocese of Paris at the height of the French
Revolution. (1745-1807)
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Edessa
A titular archiepiscopal see in that part of Mesopotamia formerly known as Osrhoene.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05282a.htm
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Edelinck
The family name of four engravers.
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Edda
A title applied to two different collections of old Norse literature, the poetical or "Elder
Edda" and the prose or "Younger Edda".
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Ecuador
An independent state of South America, bounded on the north by Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on
the south by Peru, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.
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Eckhart, Johann Georg von
German historian, b. at Duingen in the principality of Kalenberg, 7 Sept., 1664; d. at Würzburg, 9
Feb., 1730.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05273c.htm
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Eck, Johann
Theologian and principal adversary of Luther, b. 15 Nov., 1486, at Eck in Swabia; d. 10 Feb., 1543,
at Ingolstadt.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05271b.htm
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Echter von Mespelbrunn, Julius
Prince-Bishop of Würzburg, b. 18 March, 1545, in the Castle of Mespelbrunn, Spessart (Bavaria); d.
13 Sept., 1617, at Würzburg.
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Ebner
The name of two German mystics.
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Eberhard, Matthias
Bishop of Trier, b. 15 Nov., 1815, at Trier (Germany), d. there 30 May, 1876.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05242a.htm
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Ebendorfer, Thomas
German chronicler, professor, and statesman, b. 12 August, 1385, at Haselbach, in Upper Austria; d.
at Vienna, 8 Jan., 1464.
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Eata, Saint
Second Bishop of Hexham; date of birth unknown; died 26 October, 686.
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Ebbo
Archbishop of Reims, b. towards the end of the eighth century; d. 20 March, 851.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05241a.htm
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Emmeram, Saint
Bishop of Poitiers and missionary to Bavaria, b. at Poitiers in the first half of the seventh
century; martyred at Ascheim (Bavaria) towards the end of the same century.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05405b.htm
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Emiliani, Saint Jerome
Founder of the Order of Somascha; b. at Venice, 1481; d. at Somascha, 8 Feb., 1537; feast, 20 July.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08343a.htm
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Embroidery
In Christian worship embroidery was used from early times to ornament vestments.
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Elphin
Suffragan of Tuam, Ireland, a see founded by St. Patrick.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05394b.htm
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Ellis, Philip Michael
First Vicar Apostolic of the Western District, England, subsequently Bishop of Segni, Italy, b. in
1652; d. 16 Nov., 1726.
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Elizabeth of Schönau, Saint
Twelfth-century Benedictine writer.
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Elizabeth of Reute, Saint
Third-order Franciscan. (1386-1420)
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Elizabeth of Portugal, Saint
Queen of Portugal. (1271-1336)
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Elizabeth of Hungary, Saint
Also called St. Elizabeth of Thuringia, born in Hungary, probably at Pressburg, 1207; died at
Marburg, Hesse, 17 November, 1231.
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Elizabeth Ann Seton, Saint
Foundress of the Sisters of Charity. (1774-1821)
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Elizabeth
Mother of St. John the Baptist.
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Eliud, Saint
Archbishop of Llandaff, born at Eccluis Gunniau, near Tenby, Pembrokeshire; died at Llandilo Vawr,
Carmarthenshire, probably in or before 560.
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Ernan, Saints
Name of four Irish saints.
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Ermland
A district of East Prussia and an exempt bishopric. St. Adalbert of Prague (d. 997) and St. Bruno
of Querfurt (d. 1009) converted the early inhabitants of this region, the heathen Prussians, to
Christianity and two centuries later Teutonic Knights and members of the Cistercian Order
introduced civilization also into the land.
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Erie
Diocese established 1853.
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Elined, Saint
Fifth-century virgin and martyr.
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England (Before 1066) Anglo-Saxon Church, The
History of the occupation, conversion, and development.
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Ems, Congress of
A meeting of the representatives of the German Archbishops Friedrich Karl von Erthal of Mainz,
Maximilian Franz of Cologne, Clemens Wenceslaus of Trier, and Hieronymus von Colloredo of Salzburg,
at the little town of Bad-Ems, near Coblenz, in August, 1786, for the purpose of protesting against
papal interference in the exercise of episcopal powers and fixing the future relations between
these archbishops and the Roman pontiff.
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Emigrant Aid Societies
Details of several organizations, the earliest being the Charitable Irish Society of Boston,
Massachusetts, founded 17 March, 1737.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05402b.htm
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Eichendorff, Josef Karl Benedikt
Poet. (1788-1857)
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Evil
In a large sense, described as the sum of the opposition, which experience shows to exist in the
universe, to the desires and needs of individuals; whence arises, among humans beings at least, the
sufferings in which life abounds.
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Error
Reduplicatively regarded, is in one way or another the product of ignorance. But besides the lack
of information which it implies, it adds the positive element of a mental judgment, by which
something false is held to be true, or something true avouched to be false.
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Evodius
The first Bishop of Antioch after St. Peter.
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Exultet
The hymn in praise of the paschal candle sung by the deacon, in the liturgy of Holy Saturday.
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Eutyches
An heresiarch of the fifth century.
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Exarch
A title used in various senses both civilly and ecclesiastically.
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Exorcism
Exorcism is (1) the act of driving out, or warding off, demons, or evil spirits, from persons,
places, or things, which are believed to be possessed or infested by them, or are liable to become
victims or instruments of their malice; (2) the means employed for this purpose, especially the
solemn and authoritative adjuration of the demon, in the name of God, or any of the higher power in
which he is subject.
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Exorcist
(1) In general, any one who exorcises or professes to exorcise demons (cf. Acts 19:13); (2) in
particular, one ordained by a bishop for this office, ordination to which is the second of the four
minor orders of the Western Church.
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Espousals
A contract of future marriage between a man and a woman, who are thereby affianced.
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Exemption
The whole or partial release of an ecclesiastical person, corporation, or institution from the
authority of the ecclesiastical superior next higher in rank, and the placing of the person or body
thus released under the control of the authority next above the former superior, or under a still
higher one, or under the highest authority of all, the pope.
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Ethics
Many writers regard ethics as any scientific treatment of the moral order and divide it into
theological, or Christian, ethics (moral theology) and philosophical ethics (moral philosophy).
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Exequatur
A faculty which civil rulers impart to a Bull, papal Brief, or other ecclesiastical enactment in
order to give it binding force in their respective territories.
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Elbel, Benjamin
Bavarian moral theologian. (1690-1756)
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Excommunication
Exclusion from the communion, the principal and severest censure, is a medicinal, spiritual penalty
that deprives the guilty Christian of all participation in the common blessings of ecclesiastical
society.
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Ex Cathedra
Literally "from the chair", a theological term which signifies authoritative teaching and
is more particularly applied to the definitions given by the Roman pontiff.
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Extreme Unction
A sacrament to give spiritual aid and comfort and perfect spiritual health, including, if need be,
the remission of sins, and also, conditionally, to restore bodily health, to Christians who are
seriously ill.
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Ekkehard
Name of five monks of the (Swiss) Abbey of St. Gall from the tenth to the thirteenth century.
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Evin, Saint
Also known as Saint Abban of New Ross, Abhan, or Ewin.
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Exul Hibernicus
The name given to an Irish stranger on the Continent of Europe in the time of Charles the Great,
who wrote poems in Latin, several of which are addressed to the emperor.
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Eustace, Maurice
Eldest son of Sir John Eustace, Castlemartin, County Kildars, Ireland, martyred for the Faith, Nov.
1581.
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Europus
A titular see in Provincis Euphratensis, suffragan of Hierapolis.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05614a.htm
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Eunomianism
A phase of extreme Arianism prevalent amongst a section of Eastern churchmen from about 350 until
381; as a sect it is not heard of after the middle of the fifth century.
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Esdras
Priest and scribe connected with Israel's restoration after the Exile.
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Examination
A process prescribed or assigned for testing qualification; an investigation, inquiry.
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Espinosa, Alonso De
Spanish priest and historian of the sixteenth century.
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Exclusion, Right of
The alleged competence of the more important Catholic countries, Austria, France, and Spain, to
indicate to their respective cardinal protector, or cardinal procurator, those members of the
Sacred College who were personæ minus gratæ, so that, if there was a possibility of one of these
becoming pope, the authorized cardinal might, before the decisive ballot, give his veto, in the
name of his government, against such election.
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Euthanasia
From Greek eu, well, and thanatos, death, easy, painless death.
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Eusebius of Laodicea
An Alexandrian deacon who had some fame as a confessor and became bishop of Laodicea in Syria, date
of birth uncertain: d. about 268.
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Eugenius II (the Younger)
Archbishop of Toledo from 647 to 13 Nov., 657, the date of his death.
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Eugenics, The Church and
Eugenics literally means "good breeding". It is defined as the study of agencies under
social control that may improve or impair the racial qualities of future generations either
physically or mentally.
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Evangelical Alliance, The
An association of Protestants belonging to various denominations founded in 1846.
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Eugenius I
Archbishop of Toledo, successor in 636 of Justus in that see; d. 647.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05602a.htm
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Examination of Conscience
By this term is understood a review of one's past thoughts, words and actions for the purpose of
ascertaining their conformity with, or difformity from, the moral law.
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Escobar y Mendoza, Antonio
Preacher and writer, born at Valladolid in 1589; died there, 4 July, 1669.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05534b.htm
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Espinel, Vincent
Poet and novelist; born at Ronda (Malaga), Spain, 1544; died at Madrid, 1634.
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Eucharist, Early Symbols of the
The earliest and always the favourite symbol of the Eucharist in the monuments was that inspired by
the miracle of the multiplication of the loaves and fishes; the banquet of the seven Disciples
appears only in one (second-century) catacomb scene; the miracle of Cana in two, one of which is of
the early third, the other of the fourth, century.
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Evangelical Counsels
The difference between a precept and a counsel lies in this, that the precept is a matter of
necessity while the counsel is left to the free choice of the person to whom it is proposed.
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Eithne, Saint
Commemorated in the Irish martyrologies under the 11th of January.
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Echternach, Abbey of
A Benedictine monastery in the town of that name, in the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg and the Diocese
of Trier.
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Editions of the Bible
Includes Hebrew and Greek editions.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05286a.htm
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Epping, Joseph
German astronomer and Assyriologist, b. at Neuenkirchen near Rhine in Westphalia, 1 Dec., 1835; d.
at Exaeten, Holland, 22 Aug., 1894.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05510a.htm
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Epistle (in Scripture)
The Old Testament exhibits two periods in its idea of an epistle: first, it presents the epistle
under the general concept of a book or a writing; secondly, it regards the epistle as a distinct
literary form. The New Testament presents a very highly developed form of an epistle.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05509a.htm
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Excardination and Incardination
In the ecclesiastical sense the words are used to denote that a given person is freed from the
jurisdiction of one bishop and is transferred to that of another.
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Ernakulam, Vicariate Apostolic of
In May, 1887, the churches of Syrian Rite in Malabar were separated from those of the Latin Rite
and formed into the Vicariates of Trichur and Kottayam under European prelates. In response,
however, to the petitions of the Syrian Catholics desirous of obtaining bishops of their own race
and rite, Leo XIII by his brief "Quae Rei Sacrae" (28 July, 1896) divided the territory
anew into three vicariates: Trichur, Changanacherry, and Ernakulam.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/16038a.htm
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Eucharist, Real Presence of Christ in
Article considers: the fact of the Real Presence; the several allied dogmas grouped about it; and
the speculations of reason, so far as speculative investigation regarding the august mystery under
its various aspects is permissible, and so far as it is desirable to illumine it by the light of
philosophy.
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Expectation of the Blessed Virgin Mary
Celebrated on 18 December by nearly the entire Latin Church. Owing to the ancient law of the Church
prohibiting the celebration of feasts during Lent (a law still in vigour at Milan), the Spanish
Church transferred the feast of the Annunciation from 25 March to the season of Advent, the Tenth
Council of Toledo (656) assigning it definitely to 18 December.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05712a.htm
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Eudocia
Ælia Eudocia, sometimes wrongly called Eudoxia, was the wife of Theodosius II; died c. 460. Her original name was Athenais, and she was the daughter of Leontius, one of the last pagans who taught
rhetoric at Athens.
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Eschatology
That branch of systematic theology which deals with the doctrines of the last things (ta eschata).
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05528b.htm
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Elie de Beaumont, Jean-Baptiste-Armand-Louis-Léonce
Geologist, b. at Canon (Dép. Calvados), near Caen, France, 25 Sept., 1798; d. at Canon, 21 Sept.,
1874.
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Energy, The Law of Conservation of
Includes the history and philosophy.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05422a.htm
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Eucharist, as a Sacrament
Since Christ is present under the appearances of bread and wine in a sacramental way, the Blessed
Eucharist is unquestionably a sacrament of the Church.
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Encyclical
According to its etymology, an encyclical is nothing more than a circular letter. In modern times,
usage has confined the term almost exclusively to certain papal documents which differ in their
technical form from the ordinary style of either Bulls or Briefs, and which in their superscription
are explicitly addressed to the patriarchs, primates, archbishops, and bishops of the Universal
Church in communion with the Apostolic See.
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Eudoxias
A titular see of Galatia Secunda in Asia Minor, suffragan of Pessinus.
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Eternity
Eternity is defined by Boetius (De Consol. Phil., V, vi) as "possession, without succession
and perfect, of interminable life".
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Essenes
One of three leading Jewish sects mentioned by Josephus as flourishing in the second century B.C.,
the others being the Pharisees and the Sadducees.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05546a.htm
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Exegesis, Biblical
The branch of theology which investigates and expresses the true sense of Sacred Scripture.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05692b.htm
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Eucharist, as a Sacrifice
The word Mass (missa) first established itself as the general designation for the Eucharistic
Sacrifice in the West after the time of Pope Gregory the Great, the early Church having used the
expression the "breaking of bread" (fractio panis) or "liturgy".
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10006a.htm
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Expectative
An expectative, or an expectative grace, is the anticipatory grant of an ecclesiastical benefice,
not vacant at the moment but which will become so, regularly, on the death of its present
incumbent.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05712b.htm
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Emmerich, Anne Catherine
An Augustinian nun, stigmatic, and ecstatic, born 8 September, 1774, at Flamsche, near Coesfeld, in
the Diocese of Munster, Westphalia, Germany; died at Dulmen, 9 February, 1824.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05406b.htm
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Egan, Michael
First bishop of Philadelphia, U.S.A., b. in Ireland, most probably in Galway, in 1761; d. at
Philadelphia, 22 July, 1814.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05324c.htm
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Egypt
Provides information on history, religion, and literature.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05329b.htm
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Eccleston, Samuel
Fifth Archbishop of Baltimore, U.S.A. (1801-1851)
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05269a.htm
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Educational Association, The Catholic
A voluntary organization composed of Catholic educators and other persons who have an interest in
the welfare of Catholic education in the United States.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05305a.htm
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England (After 1558)
The Protestant Reformation is the great dividing line in the history of England, as of Europe
generally.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05445a.htm
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Eckhart, Meister
Dominican preacher, theologian and mystic, born about 1260 at Hochheim, near Gotha; died in 1327 at
Cologne.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05274a.htm
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Ephesians, Epistle to the
The letter which, in the manuscripts containing the Epistles of St. Paul, bears the title "To
the Ephesians" comprises two parts distinctly separated by a doxology (Eph., iii, 20 sq.).
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05485a.htm
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Elhuyar y de Suvisa, Fausto de
Mineralogist and chemist. (1755-1833)
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05381a.htm
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Esther
Queen of Persia and wife of Assuerus, who is identified with Xerxes (485-465 B.C.).
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05549a.htm
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Edward Waterson, Blessed
(Catholic Encyclopedia)
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15566a.htm
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Eustace White, Saint
(Catholic Encyclopedia)
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15611b.htm
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Edward Olcorne, Blessed
(Catholic Encyclopedia)
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11237a.htm
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Epiphany
The feast was called among the Syrians denho (up-going), a name to be connected with the notion of
rising light expressed in Luke. I, 78.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05504c.htm
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English College, The, in Rome
Information on its foundation, scholastic status, and students.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05472b.htm
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Emmaus
A titular see in Pa1æstina Prima, suffragan of Cæsarea.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05405a.htm
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Espence, Claude D'
French theologian, born in 1511 at Châlons-sur-Marne; died 5 Oct., 1571, at Paris.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05542a.htm
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Erastus and Erastianism
The name "Erastianism" is often used in a somewhat loose sense as denoting an undue
subservience of the Church to the State.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05514a.htm
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Ephesus
A titular archiespiscopal see in Asia Minor, said to have been founded in the eleventh century B.C.
by Androcles, son of the Athenian King Codrus, with the aid of Ionian colonists.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05490a.htm
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Esglis, Louis-Philippe Mariauchau d'
Eighth Bishop of Quebec, Canada; born Quebec, 24 April, 1710; died 7 June, 1788.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05538a.htm
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Establishment, The
The union of Church and State setting up a definite and distinctive relation between the two is
frequently expressed in English by the use of the word "establishment".
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05548a.htm
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Edwin, Saint
The first Christian King of Northumbria, born about 585.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05323b.htm
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Epiklesis
The name of a prayer that occurs in all Eastern liturgies (and originally in Western liturgies
also) after the words of Institution, in which the celebrant prays that God may send down His Holy
Spirit to change this bread and wine into the Body and Blood of His Son.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05502a.htm
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Erdeswicke, Sampson
Antiquarian, date of birth unknown; died 1603.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05517b.htm
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Eastern Churches
Eastern Churches depended originally on the Eastern Empire at Constantinople.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05230a.htm
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Ephraim of Antioch
One of the defenders of the Faith of Chalcedon (451) against the Monophysites, b. at Amida in
Mesopotamia; d. in 545.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05500a.htm
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Ecclesiasticus
The longest of the deuterocanonical books of the Bible, and the last of the Sapiential writings in
the Vulgate of the Old Testament.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05263a.htm
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Exposition of the Blessed Sacrament
A manner of honouring the Holy Eucharist, by exposing it, with proper solemnity, to the view of the
faithful in order that they may pay their devotions before it.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05713a.htm
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Esau
The eldest son of Isaac and Rebecca, the twin-brother of Jacob.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05527c.htm
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Ephraemi Rescriptus, Codex
The last in the group of the four great uncial manuscripts of the Greek Bible, received its name
from the treatises of St. Ephraem the Syrian (translated into Greek) which were written over the
original text.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04084a.htm
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Entablature
A superstructure which lies horizontally upon the columns in classic architecture.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05479b.htm
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Edwy
King of the English, eldest son of Edmund and St. Aelfgifu, born about 940; died 959.
http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05324a.htm
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