| Directory > Reference > Encyclopedias > Subject Encyclopedias > Spartacus Educational > First World War Casualties: First World War
Includes table listing Allied Powers and Central Powers, number of killed and died, wounded,
prisoners and missing, total casualties, total mobilized and percentage of casualities.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWdeaths.htm
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Financial Cost of the First World War
Features table listing Allied and Central Powers and cost for each country in dollars from
1914-1918.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWcosts.htm
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USA Army Casualties: 1917-1918
Features table with causes of death and overseas and domestic totals.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWusadeaths.htm
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Employment of Women in Britain
Features table showing percentage of women to men in employment between 1914-1920 in industry,
commerce, transport and agriculture.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWemploy.htm
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French Property Losses
Features table of items and total number for each category.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWproperty.htm
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British War Aces
Features table listing pilots and number of victories.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWaces.htm
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Gas Deaths - 1914-1918
Features tables listing countries and total number of deaths from chlorine and mustard gas.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWgasdeaths.htm
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Military Ranks
Features list of army and navy ranks and abbreviations.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWranks.htm
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Armies - 1914
Tables includes countries, standing armies and reserves, and mobilized forces.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWarmies1914.htm
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Anti-Submarine Weapons
Depth charges and mines placed at various depths along busy sea-routes by the Allies in 1915.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWantisubmarine.htm
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Warships - 1914-18
Features table listing the Allied and Central Powers, and number of battleships, cruisers,
gunboats, torpedo boats, submarines and destroyers.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWwarships.htm
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Troopships
Includes list of vessels during World War I and details of their service.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWtroopships.htm
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World Ship Losses - 1914-18
Features table which lists countries and tonnage.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWworld.htm
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Cruisers
Basically large fast ocean-going warships. Two main types included the heavy armored and protected
cruiser. Built in great numbers by both English and German fleets and played an important role in
all the major North Sea battles during the First World War.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWcruisers.htm
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Falkland Islands
Includes two main islands and nearly 300 smaller ones in the South Atlantic. Occupied in 1882 by a
British naval squadron and claimed as a crown colony. Five German cruisers tried to take Port
Stanley naval base in 1914 but were unsuccessful. 2,200 German sailors were killed in the battle.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWfalklands.htm
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Allied & Neutral Ships Lost
Features table of losses between 1914 and 1918.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWshipslost.htm
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Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
Policy advocated by Alfred von Tirpitz, state secretary of state of the Imperial German Navy. In
the first six months of 1915, German U-Boats sank almost 750,000 tons of British shipping.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWunrestricted.htm
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Robert Whitehead
Produced a self-propelling torpedo propelled by a compressed-air engine and carried 18 lbs. of
dynamite. Its most important feature was a self-regulating device which kept the torpedo at a
constant preset depth. (1823-1905)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWwhitehead.htm
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Benjamin Hotchkiss
Invented an improved type of cannon shell, a revolving-barrel machine gun in 1872 and a bolt-action
magazine rifle in 1875. (1826-1885)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWhotchkiss.htm
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Alfred Nobel
Born in Sweden. Produced dynamite in his own factory, where brother was killed in an explosion.
Other inventions included ballistite, a form of smokeless power, artificial gutta-percha and a mild
steel for armor-plating. At his death left instructions for endowment of annual prizes to be given
in areas of Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature and Peace. (1833-1896)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWnobel.htm
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Sir Hiram Maxim
Inventor of machine-gun that could fire 500 rounds per minute and therefore had the firepower of
about 100 rifles. He also a pneumatic gun, the gun silencer (subsequently adapted for car
exhausts), a smokeless gunpowder, a mouse trap, carbon filaments for light bulbs and a flying
machine. (1840-1916)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWmaxim.htm
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Wireless Communication
Describes work of Guglielmo Marconi. Includes photograph.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWwireless.htm
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Smokeless Gunpowder
Invented by Paul Vieille in 1886. Revolutionized the effectiveness of small guns and rifles. More
powerful than gun powder, giving an accurate rifle range of up to 1000 yards.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWsmoke.htm
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Pistols
First automatic pistol was developed by the Austrian inventor Joseph Laumann in 1892. Was the
standard weapon for officers in all combatant armies in World War I. Also used by members of the
military police, air crew and the personnel of tanks, armored cars and other military vehicles.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWpistols.htm
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Torpedo
Self-propelled underwater missile launched from a tube located on the deck or inside the hull of a
warship. German Navy was the first to fire an automotive torpedo in 1914. Carried a
contact-triggered explosive warhead with a range of 10,000 meters and could travel at 41 knots.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWtorpedo.htm
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Bayonet
Used as the infantryman's primary close combat weapon in trench warfare. Most were standard knife
variety, but the French preferred a needle bayonet and some German soldiers favored a saw-bladed
version.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWbayonet.htm
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Big Bertha
Mobile howitzer designed by the Germans in 1914. It was named for Gustav Krupp's wife, weighed 43
tons and could fire a 2,200 lb. shell over 9 miles.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWbertha.htm
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Ford Patrol Car
Model T was used by the British Army in France. Particularly effective in Palestine, Mesopotamia,
Egypt and Libya and used for raiding, reconnaissance and in supporting the cavalry.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWford.htm
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Commer Ambulance
Used to carry medical stores and stretchers to supply first aid posts.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWambulance.htm
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Dennis Lorry
Motor transport used by the British army. Had a four-cylinder engine and could reach 55 mph. Even
when loaded, it could climb gradients as steep as 1 in 6.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWlorry.htm
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Armoured Cars
First used by the British Army for the policing of distant colonial outposts. Used successfully in
Palestine and in Mesopotamia where they were deployed in what had previously been the Cavalry role
of outflanking and pursuit.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWarmouredcars.htm
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Military Motor Bus
London General Omnibus Company provided buses for the use of moving troops in France. Some of the
buses were captured by the Germans, but the rest remained in France until the end of the war in
November, 1918.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWbus.htm
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Whippet Tank
Mark A tank which proved effective at the offensive at Cambrai in November, 1917 when nearly 400
tanks created a battering ram that punched straight through the German lines.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWwhippet.htm
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Mark V Tank
Became available in July, 1918 and could travel at nearly 5 mph. Includes excerpts from diaries,
letters and newspapers.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWtanks.htm
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British Tanks: 1914-18
Early model was developed by the Holt Company who built a tractor with caterpillar tracks that was
used to move over difficult territory. At the beginning of the First World War Richard Hornsby and
Sons produced the Killen-Strait Armored Tractor. The tracks consisted of a continuous series of
steel links, joined together with steel pins, This machine successfully cut through barbed wire.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWtankdevelop.htm
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Browning Machine-Gun
Invented by John Moses Browning. Automatic, and used propelling gas as a motive force. Produced
for soldiers fighting on the Western Front in 1917.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWbrowning.htm
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Maxim Machine-Gun
World's first automatic portable machine-gun and could fire 500 rounds per minute. Adopted by the
British Army in 1889. Used by several of the minor European armies in the war.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWmaximgun.htm
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Sylvia Pankhurst
Wrote The History of the Women's Suffrage Movement. A pacifist, she joined with Charlotte Despard
to form the Women's Peace Army. Supporter of the Russian Revolution in 1917. In the 1930s supported
the Republicans in Spain, helped Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany and led the campaign against the
Italian occupation of Ethiopia. (1882-1960)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/WpankhurstS.htm
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Emmeline Pethick-Lawrence
Socialist member of the Women's Social and Political Union. Was a prominent member of the Women's
International League for Peace, an organization committed to world peace. (1867-1954)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Wpethick.htm
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Katharine Glasier
Christian Socialist who supported the campaign for complete adult suffrage. Became editor of the
Labour Leader newspaper and took an anti-war stand. Includes excerpts from various writings.
(1867-1950)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Wglasier.htm
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Selina Cooper
Supporter of women's suffrage and developed a national reputation for her passionate speeches in
favor of women's rights. Pacifist totally opposed to military conscription and became involved in
helping those men who were sent to prison for refusing to fight. Includes excerpts from various
writings. (1864-1946)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Wcooper.htm
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Isabella Ford
Interested in women's rights and in 1890 helped form the Leeds Women's Suffrage Society. An
important writer of books on the struggle for equality. Life-long pacifist who helped organize a
peace rally in London in 1914. (1855-1924)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Wford.htm
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Charlotte Despard
Active in the women's suffrage movement. Helped form the Women's Freedom League (WFL) and urged
members not to pay taxes and to boycott the 1911 Census. Pacifist during the war. In the 1920s
became involved in the Sinn Fein campaign for a united Ireland. Includes excerpts from her
speeches. (1844-1939)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Wdespard.htm
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Ethel Annakin Snowden
Helped form a branch of the Nation Union of Women's Suffrage Societies in Leeds. Was a pacifist
and refused to support Britain's involvement in the First World War. Active member of the Women's
Peace Crusade.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/Wsnowden.htm
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Fenner Brockway
Editor of the Labour Elector and a pacifist who strongly opposed British involvement in the war.
Wrote over twenty books on politics. Includes excerpts from writings. (1888-1988)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUbrockway.htm
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Bertrand Russell
Member of the Fabian Society and founding member of the Union of Democratic Control (UDC), the most
important of the anti-war organizations during the First World War. Wrote Political Ideals: Roads
to Freedom. (1872-1970)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUrussell.htm
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Clifford Allen
Pacifist who helped form the No-Conscription Fellowship (NCF), an organization that encouraged men
to refuse war service. Refusing to serve in the British Armed Forces, he spent 16 months in
prison. (1889-1939)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUallen.htm
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Women Farm Workers
Worked on the land and filled the places of the men who had gone to fight for their country. Over
250,000 women become involved in producing food and goods to support their war effort.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWfarmingEG.htm
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Influenza Pandemic
Includes its symptoms, treatment and attempts used to prevent spread of the disease which killed an
estimated 70 million people worldwide in 1918-19.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWinfluenzia.htm
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Training Camps
Recruits were trained by elderly people who were bought out of retirement, as experienced officers
were needed in France to organize war against the Germans. Living conditions were deplorable in
winter and there were several examples of soldiers going on strike.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWcamps.htm
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Rationing
Imposed by the Ministry of Food in Britain in 1917 to reduce food shortages caused by panic buying.
The idea of rationing food was to guarantee supplies, not to reduce consumption.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWrationing.htm
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Alcohol
Attempts to reduce consumption were made in Germany, Britain, Austria-Hungary, France and Italy
during World War I. Public house opening times were reduced, and the British government also
increased the level of tax on alcohol.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWalcohol.htm
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Women and Recruitment
Order of the White Feather organization encouraged women to give out white feathers to young men
who had not joined the army. Leaders of the WSPU played an important role as speakers at meetings
to recruit young men into the army. Includes excerpts from newspaper articles.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWwomenrecruit.htm
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Order of the White Feather
Organization founded by Admiral Charles Fitzgerald in 1914 which encouraged women to give out white
feathers to young men who had not joined the British Army.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWfeather.htm
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BE-2 Biplane
Developed by Geoffrey De Havilland in 1912 and by August 1914 was the standard military aircraft
employed by the Royal Flying Corps. Used as a defense against Zeppelin raids or on anti-submarine
duties for the Royal Navy. It was also widely used to train pilots.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWbe2.htm
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Bristol F-2 Fighter
Designed for the British and Colonial Aeroplane Company during the spring of 1916. Most successful
fighter plane on the Western Front. Includes performance data table.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWbristol.htm
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Avro 540
Lightweight, two-seater aircraft designed by Alliot Vernon Roe in 1913. Used in the early stages
of the war for light-bombing and reconnaissance missions. Includes table showing performance data
and photograph.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWavro.htm
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Airco DH-2
Single-seat biplane built in 1916. Replaced two-seater bi-plane designed by Geoffrey de Havilland
for the Aircraft Manufacturing Company. Helped to establish allied air supremacy over Germany
during the Battle of the Somme.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWairco.htm
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Sopwith Camel
Aircraft produced by the Sopwith Aviation Company in 1916. Used on the Western Front in 1917, it
quickly achieved a reputation as a deadly trench-strafer. Includes performance data table.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWcamel.htm
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Sopwith Snipe
Aircraft which was improved version of the Sopwith Camel. Considered to be the best Allied fighter
plane on the Western Front.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWsnipe.htm
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USA Flying Aces
Features table listing pilots and number of victories.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWusaaces.htm
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Aircraft & Airships in 1914
Features table with list of countries, number of aircraft and airships.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWaircraft.htm
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French Air Aces
Features table with list of pilots and number of victories.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWfrenchaces.htm
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German War Aces
Features table with list of pilots and number of victories.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWgermanaces.htm
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Wireless Telegraphy
Used by the Royal Flying Corps to help home-defense aircraft during German bombing raids. Clear
signals could be heard over twenty miles. Pilots could now be informed about enemy aircraft
movements with a better chance of successfully reaching them before they dropped bombs on Britain.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWairwireless.htm
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Lord Cowdray
Born Weetman Dickinson Pearson and given his title by Prime Minister, David Lloyd George, in 1916.
Appointed President of the Air Board and worked hard to improve the output of aircraft. (1856-1927)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWcowdray.htm
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Major Herbert Musgrave
Received a royal commission in the Royal Engineers and fought in the Boer War. Became a squadron
commander in the RFC and did research into ballooning, kiting, wireless telegraphy, photography,
meteorology and bomb-dropping. Killed by a grenade while he was on patrol behind German lines.
(1876-1918)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWmusgrave.htm
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Major Mick Mannock
Acquired a reputation as one of the most talented pilots in the RFC. Became flight commander of 74
Squadron and then commander of 85 Squadron. Shot down 58 planes. Awarded the Victoria Cross
posthumously when his plane crashed behind German lines. (1887-1918)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWmannock.htm
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Synchronizing Gear
System needed where the pilot could fire a machine-gun while flying the plane. Fokker and his
designers developed an interrupter mechanism device. Synchronized machine-guns gave the Germans a
considerable advantage over Allied pilots.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWsynchronizing.htm
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Flying Aces
Term first appeared in 1915 when French newspapers described Adolphe Pegoud as a flying ace after
he became the first pilot to shoot down five German aircraft. Includes photograph and excerpts
from various writings.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWflyingaces.htm
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Dog-fights
Aerial battle between two or more aircraft. First dog-fight is believed to have taken place on
August 28, 1914, when Lieutenant Norman Spratt, flying a Sopwith Tabloid, forced down a German
two-seater.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWdogfights.htm
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Bombing Raids on Britain
German air force used Zeppelins and long-range bombers in 103 aerial bombing raids over Great
Britain. Targets were industrial cities, army camps and munitions factories. Against these
attacks, British used searchlights, anti-aircraft guns and fighter aircraft, and balloon barrages.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWairwar.htm
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Air Artillery
Use of anti-aircraft guns to destroy enemy aircraft. In Britain an Anti-Aircraft Brigade was
formed by the Royal Marine Artillery and used a Vickers Naval gun mounted on a Pierce-Arrow 5-ton
armored lorry chassis. by 1918, Britain only had 349 anti-aircraft guns and although they
occasionally brought down German aircraft they were widely viewed as being inadequate.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWairartillery.htm
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Strategic Bombing
Attempt to launch a long-range bombing attack deep inside enemy territory. Policy carried out by
Hugh Trenchard, chief of staff to the RAF, after the end of World War I.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWbombing.htm
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Zeppelin Air Raids
Accepted into German army service in 1909. First raid on London took place on May 31, 1915, in
which 28 people were killed and 60 injured. A total of 115 Zeppelins were used by the German
military, of which 77 were either destroyed or so damaged they could not be used again. Includes
excerpts from various writings.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWzeppelinraids.htm
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Amiens
Battle line between Mericourt and Hangest. Taken by the British on August 8, 1918 and described as
"the black day of the German Army in the history of the war". Includes map.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWamiens.htm
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Gallipoli Landings
Peninsula in European Turkey between the Dardanelles and the Aegean Sea. Site of a series of
battles in 1915 which resulted in British casualties of 205,000 (43,000 killed), 33,600 ANZAC
losses (over one-third killed) and 47,000 French casualties (5,000 killed). Turkish casualties were
estimated at 250,000 (65,000 killed). Includes map.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWgallipoli.htm
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Passchendaele
Another name for the Third major battle of Ypres, which took place between July and November, 1917.
Taken by British and Canadian infantry. The offensive cost the British Expeditionary Force about
310,000 casualties. Includes map.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWpasschendaele.htm
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Battle of Gaza
Coastal fortress in the Middle East occupied by the Turkish Expeditionary Force. Seized by British
troops in March, 1917. Includes map.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWgaza.htm
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Vimy Ridge
Located almost 12km north-east of Arras, France and occupied by the Germans in 1914. In the Nivelle
Offensive of 1917, the Canadian forces took control and inflicted heavy casualties on the German
Army.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWvimy.htm
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Battle of Albert
Town in the Somme region of the Western Front to which the French 2nd Army retreated in September,
1914.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWalbert.htm
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Somme
Battle was planned as a joint French and British operation in 1916. British troops suffered
420,000 casualties. The French lost nearly 200,000, and German casualties were estimated about
500,000. Includes map and numerous excerpts from writings.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWsomme.htm
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Royal Flying Corps
Founded in May, 1912 with one squadron of airships and three of aircraft. In 1916 increased total
strength to twenty-seven squadrons (421 aircraft), with four kite-balloon squadrons and fourteen
balloons. By the end of the war the RAF operated 4,000 combat aircraft and employed 114,000
people.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWRFC.htm
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First Battle of the Marne
Fought September 6 through September 10, 1914. The French army suffered about 250,000 casualties,
with German losses estimated to be about the same. The British Expeditionary Force lost 12,733 men.
Most important consequence was that the French and British forces were able to prevent the German
plan for a swift and decisive victory. Includes map.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWmarne.htm
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Dysentery
Disease involving the inflammation of the lining of the large intestines. Includes symptoms and
effects on the soldiers in the trenches during World War I.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWdystentry.htm
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Trench Foot
Infection of the feet caused by cold, wet and unsanitary conditions. If untreated, could turn
gangrenous and result in amputation. Includes remedies and photo.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWfoot.htm
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Medical Treatment of Shellshock
Treatments were many and varied. Shaming, physical re-education and the infliction of pain were
the main methods used. Electric shock treatment was very popular.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWmental.htm
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Shellshock
Nervous or mental disorder formerly believed to have been brought on by exploding shells in battle,
but now explained as the cumulative, emotional and psychological strain of warfare. Includes
excerpts from various writings.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWshellshock.htm
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Patrols
Night missions where soldiers were often sent into No Man's Land to try to get within earshot of
the enemy trenches. Returning to their own trenches was considered the most dangerous part of the
operation. Nervous sentries often fired at any movement in front of them and caused many
casualties.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWpatrols.htm
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Casualty Clearing Station
Place where surgery, if needed, was carried out on wounded soldiers.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWcasualties.htm
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Voluntary Aid Detachment
Provided medical assistance in time of war. Of the 74,000 VADs in 1914, two-thirds were women and
girls who worked as assistant nurses, ambulance drivers and cooks. Includes excerpts from letters
and articles.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWnurses.htm
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Stretcher-Bearers
Four men assigned to each company whose job was to remove the wounded from battlefields. Includes
photo and excerpts from writings.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWstretcher.htm
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Soldier's Letters
Twelve and a half million letters were sent to the Western Front weekly. Soldiers were encouraged
to write letters to friends and family, but most decided to conceal the horrors of trench warfare.
Includes excerpts of family letters.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWletters.htm
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Boy Soldiers
Underage youth who answered the call at army recruitment centers. Many of those who had signed up
were younger than the official minimum age of nineteen and lied about their age to enlist.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWboy.htm
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Mustard Gas
First used by the German Army in September, 1917. The most lethal of all the poisonous chemicals
used during the war, it was almost odorless and took twelve hours to take effect. Includes table
of British casualties.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWmustard.htm
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Chlorine Gas
First used in April 1915 by the German army against the French Army at Ypres. Destroyed the
respiratory organs of its victims and led to a slow death by asphyxiation. Includes various
articles about its effects.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWchlorine.htm
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Horses & Mules
Used on the Western Front by the British Army and transported goods and supplies. Includes
cartoon, excerpts from various writing and a photograph.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWhorses.htm
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Pals Battalions
Recruitment campaigns based on the promise that the men could serve with friends, neighbors and
workmates. These units were raised by local authorities, industrialists or committees of private
citizens.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWpals.htm
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Lice
Caused suffering to the men in the trenches during war and also carried disease. Describes methods
used to remove lice.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWlice.htm
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Trench Rats
Fed on the corpses of men killed in the trenches. Includes excerpts from diaries and other
writings.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWrats.htm
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Trench Food
Includes details of quality and quantity that soldiers in the Western Front received and methods of
preparation.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWtrenchfood.htm
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Waterlogged Trenches
Describes conditions endured by British troops. Trench life involved a never-ending struggle
against water and mud. Duck-boards were placed at the bottom of the trenches to protect soldiers
from problems such as trench foot.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWwater.htm
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No Man's Land
Term used by soldiers to describe the ground between the two opposing trenches. Contained a
considerable amount of barbed wire and after an attack would also contain a large number of bodies.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWnoman.htm
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The Trench System
Built first by Germans to provide them with protection from the advancing French and British and
later used by Allies. Includes details of construction, an illustration and excerpts from various
writings.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWtrenchsystem.htm
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The Western Front
Refers to a narrow border of land between Belgium and France where Allies dug trenches from the
North Sea to the Swiss Frontier.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWwestern.htm
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Philip Snowden
Christian Socialist who was opposed to Britain's involvement in the First World War and provided
help to conscientious objectors. (1864-1937)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REsnowden.htm
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Fred Jowett
Socialist who founded a branch of the Independent Labour Party in Bradford. Opposed war involvement
and supported those who resisted conscription and demanded heavy taxation on wartime profits.
Includes excerpts from various writings. (1864-1944)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUjowett.htm
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John Burns
Appointed as President of the Board of Trade in 1914. Opposed to Britain's involvement in a
European conflict and along with John Morley and Charles Trevelyan, resigned from the government.
(1858-1943)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/REburns.htm
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George Lansbury
Labour member of Parliament. Reformer who campaigned against poverty and for woman suffrage. A
lifelong pacifist, he defended conscientious objectors during World War I. (1859-1940)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRlansbury.htm
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Frontline
Trench position considered to be extremely dangerous. British soldiers were often stationed in
these trenches for over thirty days at a time and were hit by their own artillery.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWfrontline.htm
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James Keir Hardie
Elected to House of Commons and campaigned for the reform of Parliament. He was a supporter of the
women's suffrage movement, the payment of MPs and the abolition of the House of Lords. Pacifist
who tried to organize a national strike against Britain's participation in the war. (1856-1915)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRhardie.htm
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James Ramsay MacDonald
Born in Scotland, he became leader of the Labour Party in 1911. Became Britain's first Labour
prime minister in 1923 for one year, when his government fell. Was a pacifist and unwilling to
support Britain's involvement in the First World War. (1866-1937).
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRmacdonald.htm
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Will Crooks
Chairman of the Public Control Committee and promoted fair wages. Became the first working-class
member of the Poplar Board of Guardians. Participated in the recruiting campaign and toured the
Western Front in an effort to boost the morale of troops. (1852-1921)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUcrooks.htm
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Joseph Clynes
Was leader of the Labour Party in the House of Commons. Became a regular contributor to socialist
newspapers. Supported Britain's war involvement and was appointed Parliamentary Secretary of the
Ministry of Food. Includes excerpts from his Memoirs. (1869-1949)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUclynes.htm
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George Barnes
Elected as General Secretary of the Amalgamated Society of Engineers. Formed the National Committee
of Organised Labour for Old Age Pensions. Became leader of the Labour Party in 1910. In 1916 was
one of the few Labour MPs to support military conscription. (1859-1940)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUbarnes.htm
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Arthur Henderson
Elected as a paid organizer of the Iron Founders Union. Main person responsible for Labour and the
Nation, a pamphlet that attempted to clarify the political aims of the Labour Party. MP for Widnes
in the House of Commons. Chaired the Geneva Disarmament Conference and was awarded the Nobel Peace
Prize. (1863-1935)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUhenderson.htm
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Herbert Samuel
Member of the Liberal Party in the House of Commons. Issued report about the problems of the
mining industry. Served as Post-Master General (1910-1916) and Home Secretary in 1916.
(1870-1963)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRsamuel.htm
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William Wedgwood Benn
Elected to represent Liberal party in the House of Commons in 1906 and was a strong supporter of
the trade union movement. Later trained as a pilot and was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross,
the French Croix de Guerre and the Italian Military Cross in World War I. (1877-1960)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUbenn.htm
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Andrew Bonar Law
Born in Rexton, New Brunswick, Canada. Was Secretary of State for the Colonies, a member of the
War Committee and Chancellor of the Exchequer in 1916. Became Prime Minister in 1922. (1858-1923)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRbonar.htm
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Frederick Smith
Member of the Conservative Party in the House of Commons. Became Attorney General and Secretary of
State for India. Was placed in charge of the government's Press Bureau where he was responsible
for censoring newspaper reports on the fighting in World War I. After retiring from politics he was
Rector of Aberdeen University. (1872-1930)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRbirkenhead.htm
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David Lloyd George
Gained reputation as an orator, solicitor and preacher. Joined the Liberal Party and became an
alderman. Advocated insurance reform and women's rights. Served as prime minister from 1916-22.
Energetic war leader and received a lot of credit for Britain's eventual victory over the Triple
Alliance. (1863-1945)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRgeorge.htm
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Herbert Asquith
Liberal MP and served as prime minister from 1908-16. After war broke out, he made strenuous
attempts to achieve political solidarity and in May 1915 formed a coalition government. (1852-1928)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRasquith.htm
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Winston Churchill
Statesman, author, prime minister from 1940-45 and 1951-55. Commanded a battalion of the Royal
Scots Fusiliers on the Western Front. Won Nobel Prize for literature in 1953. Includes excerpts
from his speeches. (1874-1965)
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/PRchurchill.htm
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